Chapters 2&4 – Flashcards
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| ionic bond |
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| attractions between ions of opposite charge, one atom loses electrons and another gains electrons |
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| covalent bond |
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| forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
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| hydrogen bond |
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| form when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an O or an N atom in another molecule |
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| inorganic molecule |
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| lack carbon |
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| organic molecule |
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| always contain carbon and hydrogen |
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| polar molecule |
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| positive on one side and negative on the other, asymmetrical |
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| non-polar molecule |
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| symmetrical, charges cancel each other |
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| acid |
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| substance that dissociates into one or more H+ |
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| base |
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| substance that dissociates into one or more OH- |
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| salt |
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| substance that dissociates into cations and anions, neither which is H+ or OH- |
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| pH |
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| level of acidity or base between 1 - 14 |
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| macromolecule |
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| polymers consisting of repeating molecules |
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| monomer |
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| the smaller molecules that make up polymers, join by dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions |
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| polymer |
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| made up of monomers |
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| dehydration synthesis |
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| condensation reaction in which monomers join together into polymers while losing water molecules. This joining together by removing water, process is carried out by losing (-OH) from one of the monomers and (H) from another monomer |
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| hydrolysis reactions |
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| process in which water is used to split a substance into smaller particles, split by adding water |
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| isomers |
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| One of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties |
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| hydrophobic |
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| does not combine with water |
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| hydrophillic |
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| combines with water |
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| monosaccharide |
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| simple sugars with 3 - 7 carbon atoms |
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| disaccharide |
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| formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis, can be broken by hydrolysis |
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| oligosaccharide |
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| consist of 2 - 20 monosacchrides |
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| polysaccharide |
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| consist of tens or hundreds monosacchrides joined by dehydration synthesis |
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| glycerol |
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| spine that fatty acids connect to |
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| saturated fatty acids |
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| have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain |
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| unsaturated fatty acids |
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| there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain |
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| phopholipid |
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| lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group |
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| steroids |
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| contains four rings of carbon atoms |
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| polypeptides |
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| A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |
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| peptide bonds |
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| between two amino acids and formed by dehydration synthesis |
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| conjugated proteins |
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| protein that functions in interaction with other chemical groups attached by covalent bonds or by weak interactions |
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| protein denaturing |
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| proteins or nucleic acids lose the tertiary structure and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), or heat |
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| primary structure |
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| polypeptide chain |
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| secondary structure |
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| occurs when the amino acid folds and coils in a regular helix or pleats |
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| tertiary structure |
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| occurs when the helix folds irregularly, forming disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain |
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| quaternary structure |
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| consists of two or more polypeptides |
