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language

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is a form of communication-spoken, written, signed -based on symbols -words used by a community and the rules for varying and combining them

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infinite generativity

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is the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules -rules describe the way language works.

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phonology

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sound system of the language, including sounds that are used and how they may be combined -basis for constructing a large and expandable set of words out of two or three dozen phonemes

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phoneme

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basic unit of sound in a language -smallest unit of sound represented by the letter -example = p sound

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morphololgy

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-refers to the units of meaning involved and in word formation -its is a word or part of a word that cannot be broken into smaller meaningful parts -every word in english language is made up of one or more morphemes help/helper "one who helps"

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syntax

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involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences "bob slugged tom" -

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semantics

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refers to the meaning of words and sentences -girl/women -"the bicycle talked the boy into buying a candy bar" semantically inncorrect

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pragmatics

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the appropriate use of language in different contexts -use when speaking politely -use when lieing, telling jokes

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infancy language development-babbling

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babbies babble to practice communicating -crying:signals distress, different kinds of cries -cooing: pleasure during interaction with the caregiver -babbling: produce strings of consonant-vowel combinations, such as ba, ba, ba

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infancy-gestures

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pointing, wave bye, nod

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infants-first words

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-first word=5-12 months of age -baby already communicates with parents by using gestures -english nouns -korean-verbs -infants understand 50 words by 13 months -receptive vocab (words the child understands) exceeds spoken vocabulary (words the child uses) -18 months-says 50 words -2 years-200 words -rapid increase of vocabulary=vocabulary spurt

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overextension

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is the tendency to apply a word to object that are inappropriate for the word's meaning

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underextension

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is the tendency to apply a word too narrowly; it occurs when children fail to use a word to name a relevant event or object

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telegraphic speech

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is the use of short and precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxillary verbs, and other connectives "mommy give tommy ice cream"

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by three years...

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can produce all vowel sounds and most of the consonant sounds -might say foots instead of feet,goed instead of went

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between 18 months and 6 years

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children learn about one word per hour

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by the time that children enter first grade...

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learn about 14,000 words

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children might have reading problems if...

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they enter elementary school with a small vocabulary

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fast mapping

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children's ability to make initial connection between a word and its referent after only limited exposure to the word

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advances in pragmatics

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- as children get older, they become increasingly able to talk about things that are not here -5 years, children change their speech style to suit the situation

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early literacy

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-help children develop literacy skills -the rate of dyslexia is higher than in countries where the alaphabet script is more phonetically pronouned

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middle and late childhood

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-learn alphabetic principle-the letters of the alphabet represent sounds of the language -changes in vocab and grammar continue to take place -begin to organize their mental vocabulary in new ways

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metalinguistic awareness

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knowledge about language, such as knowing what a preposition is or being able to discuss the sounds of a language

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reading

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-children who begin elementary school with a small vocabulary are at risk when it comes to learning to read -vocabulary development plays an important role in reading comprehension

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whole- language approach

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stress that reading instruction should parallel children's natural language learning -taught to recognize whole words -children given material in its complete form, such as stories and poems, so that they learn to understand language's communicative function

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phonics approach

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emphasizes that reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds. -computers help learn

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Writing

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4 year olds-print their first names -5 years-copy short words -70-75% of US's 4-12 graders are low-achieving writers -teachers play a critical role need 1. strategy instruction 2. summarization 3. peer assistance 4. setting goals

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bilingualism and second-language learning

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-children's ability to pronounce words with a native-like accent in a second language typically decreases with age -children are less sensitive to feedback

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children who are bilingual..

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-preform better than others on tests of control of attention, concept formation, analytical reasoning, cognitive flexibility/complexity -but have smaller vocabulary in each language than monolingual children

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subtractive bilingualisim

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start strong in one language but take up another language and forget former language -negative effects on children that become ashamed of native language

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bilingual education

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teaches academic subjects to immigrant children in their native language while slowly teaching english -if children who do not know english are taught english, they will fall behind in academic subjects

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research supports bilingual education because...

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1. children have difficulty learning a subject when it is taught in a language they do not understand 2. when both languages are integrated in the classroom, children learn the second language more readily and participate more actively

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adolescence

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-make strides in understanding metaphors -better ability to understand and use satire: use of irony, derision, or wit to expose folly or wickedness -example: caricatures -understand complex literary works -better writers

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teenagers

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often speak with a dialect (variety of a language) with their peers that is characterized by jargon and slang

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adulthood and aging

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-thought that most of adulthood individuals maintain their language skills -development of identity is important -difficulty retriving info, tip of the tongue method -bigger difficulty in understanding speech -language skills decline little among older adults who are healthy -language changes amoung individuals with AD, more grammatical errors

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evolution and the brain's role in language

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-evidence that specific regions of the brain are predisposed to be used for language -broca's area: a region of the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in producing words -wernicke's area: a region of the brain's left hemisphere that is involved in language comprehension -damage=aphasia: loss or impairment of language processing -damage to brocas=difficulty producing words correctly -damage to Wernicke's area=have poor comprehension and often produce fluent byt incomprehensible speech

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Language Acquisiton Device

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LAD-a biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics. -children are endowed by nature with the ability to detect the sounds of language

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child-directed speech

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-language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences -capture's attention and maintain communication

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recasting

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rephrasing something the child has said, perhaps turning it into a question or restating the child's immature utterance in the form of a fully grammatical sentence

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expanding

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is restating, in a linguistically sophisticated form, what a child has said example "doggie eat" parent says "doggie is eating"

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labeling

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is identifying the names of objects.

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shared reading

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infants, toddlers and young children benefit when adults read books to and with them

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language should be encouraged....

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not drilled and practiced

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peers

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can influence language

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both biology and experience...

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-contribute to language development -children vary in their ability to acquire language

Chapter 9 Lifespan Development-Language and Development – Flashcards

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