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Roman Empire

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--Was divided in 395 AD by Diocletian into two regions.

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Byzantine Empire

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--Eastern half known this. --Was the most advanced civilization in the world as well as a higher standard of living than western Europe.

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Role in the Byzantine Empire

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--The Greeks were the thinkers. --The Romans were the builders. --The Byzantines were the preservers.

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Emperors

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--Used Greek instead of Latin

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Population of the Byzantine Empire

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--Major group were the Greeks. --Also, Egyptians, Syrians, Arabs, Armenians, Jews, Persians, Slavs, and Turks.

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Eastern Orthodoxy

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--Religious leaders used Greek and developed a different form of Christianity known this.

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Constantinople

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--Was built by Emperor Constantine. --It was well protected with a 14 miles long sea wall, 3 sets of walls, only had two gates, well guarded, and had a moat. --Excellent spot for trade and known as New Rome.

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Justinian

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--Became emperor in 527 AD at the age of 44. --Known as the Emperor Who Never Sleeps. --Ruled almost as large an empire as Rome at its height.

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Procopius

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--Was the court historian whose official records call Justinian a serious thoughtful ruler.

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The Secret History

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--Procopius' book --Written after Justinian's death calls him a "Deceitful, devious, false, hypocritical, two-faced, cruel ...liar".

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Belisarius

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--Was a General. --Strengthened the armies.

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Ostrogoths

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--A Germanic tribe.

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Theodora

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--An Empress. --Justinian's wife. --The daughter of a bear keeper and she was an actress. --Was beautiful, intelligent, and ambitious. --She convinced her husband not to leave during the riots. --Also, restored icons.

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Code of Laws

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--Also known as Justinian's Code. --There were 4 different works: The Code, The Digest, The Institutes, and The Novellae. --Lasted for 900 years

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The Code

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--5,000 Roman laws that still applied to the Byzantine Empire.

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The Digest

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--50 volumes of the greatest Roman legal opinions

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The Institutes

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--A textbook to teach students how to use the laws.

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The Novellae

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--New laws passed after 534.

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Tribonian

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--The commission was made up of 10 scholars headed by a legal expert known this.

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Hagia Sophia

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--It means "Holy Wisdom" --A church in Constantinople. --It is one of the world's great architectural landmarks. --It is unique because it is the first building to put a dome on a rectangular base.

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Byzantine Religion

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--Emperors were regarded as God's representative on earth. --Christian was the religion.

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Clergy

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--Church officials and laity.

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Non-clergy

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--Church members were intensely interested in religious matters.

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Emperor Leo III

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--Ordered all icons removed from churches because they encouraged superstition and the worship of idols.

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Empress Irene

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--First woman to hold the throne in her own right, allowed the use of icons.

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Iconoclasts

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--Emperor Leo III's supporters --Also known as image breakers.

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Schism

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--It means split --Churches were separated into two: Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.

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Mese

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--It means "Middle Way" --It was the main street running through Constantinople.

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Illuminated manuscripts

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--Were books decorated with elaborate designs portraying religious themes as well as everyday life.

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University of Constantinople

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--Government supported it in 850 A.D. --Was established to train scholars and lawyers for government jobs.

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Byzantine Scholars

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--They copied the writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans --By preserving ancient works on science, medicine, and mathematics, they helped spread classical knowledge to the western world.

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Cyril and Methodius

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--They were the most successful missionaries. --They developed an alphabet for the Slavic language in about 863 AD

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Cyrillic Alphabet

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--It was developed by Cyril and Methodius. --The alphabet is used by Russians, Ukrainians, Bulgarians and Serbs. --It helped Slavic because they can finally read the bible in their own tongue.

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Arabs

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--An enemy that came from the Middle East. --They tried to spread their faith. --The Byzantines were able to hold them off at Constantinople.

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Normans

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--North European people. --They took over the Byzantine land in the south of Italy.

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Seljuk Turks

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--They were from central Asia --The armies were more interested in taking over Palestine.

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Western Christians

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--Established a Latin empire, but Byzantines were able to reestablished their own culture.

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Ottoman Turks

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--Brought down Constantinople in 1453 AD.

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Czar

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--Also known as "Tsar". --Ivan III called himself this. --It is the Russian version of Caesar.

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Ivan III

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--Married the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor. --He claimed to make Moscow the "Third Rome". --His title was "Great Prince". --His nickname was "Ivan Moneybags".

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Genghis Khan

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--The leader of Mongols. --Killed many people. --One of the most feared warriors of all time.

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Khanate of the Golden Horde

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--Mongol's empire name --It stretched from Yellow Sea to Baltic Sea and from Himalayas to northern Russia. --It is the biggest empire in history. --Killed millions of people on their way to conquer. --Ruled Russia for 200 years. --Khanate from the Mongol word for kingdom. --Golden was the royal color. --Horde from the Mongol word for camp.

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The Primary Chronicle

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--History of Russia known this. --It was written by monks in the early 1100's A.D.

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Princess Olga

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--She was the first ruler of Kiev. --Made Kiev's religion into Christianity.

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3 Major Rivers

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--The Dnieper, The Don, and The Volga.

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Slavs

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--Were the people from the forests north of Baltic Sea.

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Rurik

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--First king of Slavic. --He was from north of Russia. --He founded Novgorod in 862 A.D.

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Trade in Constantinople

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--Tin from England. --Wine from France. --Cork from Spain. --Ivory & Gold from Africa. --Fur, Honey, & Timber from Russia. --Spices from India. --Silk from China.

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Russian Society

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--It was divided between peasant masses and the nobles, or boyars.

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Vladimir

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--Olga's grandson. --He sent out teams to observe Christianity.

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Yaroslav the Wise

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--Led Kiev to even greater glory. --He married his sisters and daughters to the kings and princes of Western Europe. --He created a legal code to Kiev's commercial. --He built the first library in Kiev. --Promoted Christianity.

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Alexander Nevsky

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--Novgorod's prince and military hero. --He advised his fellow princes to cooperate with the Mongols. --His will went to his son, Daniel.

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Daniel

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--Alexander Nevsky's son. --He founded a line of princes that in 200 years would rise to great prominence.

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Moscow

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--It was first founded in 1100's A.D. --It is located near the 3 major rivers. --The rise of it began under the Mongols.

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Novgorod

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--Rurik founded it in 862 A.D. --Russia's first important city.

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Golden Horn

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--Constantinople's busy harbor known this.

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Major Byzantine Industry

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--It was weaving silk.

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