Chapter 9-12 – Flashcards
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Phrenologists
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Maintained that criminal behavior was related to the size and shape of the human skull
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Organized crime
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The Mafia developed largely during the 1920's and 1930's when criminal groups organized to supply illegal alcohol during prohibition.
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Embezzlement
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Occurs at all levels of business, from a clerk stealing from petty cash to the president of a company stealing large investment sums.
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White collar crime
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American society, unfortunately, is generally tolerant of this.
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Raped-reporting
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A danger to society of underreporting rape is that the rapist is less likely to fear apprehension and thus more likely to seek out other victims.
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Statutory rape
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In some states a change of statutory rape can be made on the basis of sexual contact other than sexual intercourse (such as oral-genital contact)
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Trafficked
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According to the US state department between 600,000 and 800,000 men, women, and children are trafficked across international borders annually, and millions more are trafficked within their own country.
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Murder
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Contrary to public stereotypes, the majority of murders occurs between relatives, friends, and acquiesces.
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Higher rated murder
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The police have a higher arrest rate (around 70%) in homicides case than other crimes.
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Crime statistic
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About 20% of all people arrested are under age 18.
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Death penalty arguments
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1. It constitutes cruel and unusual punishment, being the ultimate punishment; 2. It the convicted person is later found incent, the penalty is irreparable; 3. The "eye for an eye" approach is inconsistent with civilized, humanitarian ideas; 4. The "right to life" is basic right that should not be infringed on; 5. appears to assigned in a discriminatory manor (blacks, Latino, more than whites)
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Effects of various sentencing
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Suggestions to improve include 1. shorting the time between arrest, conviction, and punishment; 2. imposing harsher sentences; 3. permanently imprisoning repeat offenders; 4. increasing prosecution of white collar criminals; 5. creating uniform sentences; 6. decriminalizing victimless offenses 7. Imposing stricter gun control.
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Brady Bill
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In 1993 was enacted, which requires that gun buyers wait 5 business days and undergo a background check by police.
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Diversion program
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Have therefore been developed in number of communities to divert first-time or minor offenders from entering the criminal justice system; as an alternative, they receive services from community agencies.
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The goal of transitional programs
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Is for inmates to maintain and develop strong ties to the noncriminal elements in their home community. The programs seek to reduce or alleviate the negative effects of incarceration and provide opportunities and resources for rehabilitation
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Presentence report
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Is a social history of the offender that is prepared by a probation or parole officer, to help guide the judge in sentencing.
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Social work in criminal justice
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Has been on the correctional component.
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Offenders
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Are highly skilled in "conning" the professional staff through persuasion, deceit, and manipulation.
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Social worker need to be aware
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That many offenders who request professional assistance have no genuine interest in self-improvement but seek to manipulate the worker.
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Student from middle and upper class
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Tend to achieve higher grades, stay in school longer, and get higher scores on standardized achievement tests.
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The Pygmalion Effect
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Means "self-fulfilling prophecy". When the students were retested 8 months later, those who had been expected to be remarkable achievers showed a significantly greater increase in IQ scores than the others. The researcher concluded that this increase was due to the higher expectorations of the teachers, who then worked more intensively with these students.
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Study by Rutter
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found that high-quality schools: a. Maintained high academic standards b. Had well-understood and well-enforced discipline standards And yet created a comfortable and supportive atmosphere for students.
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The critical thinking movement
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encourages students to make observations
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The initial results of the "No Child Left Behind" program
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1. Has replaced responsible teaching in some schools with preparing students to take the reading and math tests 2. Include a greater focus on quality of instruction
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"NCLB"
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Reading and math scores of students have improved. Improves quality of instruction by requiring schools to implement "scientically based research" practices in the classroom, parent's involvement programs, and professional development activities for those students that are not expected to attend college.
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Charter schools
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are publicly-funded elementary or secondary schools in the United States that have been freed from the regulations, rules, and statutes that apply to other public schools, in exchange for some type of accountability for producing certain results
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Alfie Kohn
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Although the learning of facts and skills will occur, he asserts the key product of learning is the development of the ability to critically, creatively, and individually think and problem solve.
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Regarding the "No Child Left Behind" program
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President Obama states that assessments used to track student progress need to be revised to measure readiness for college and the workplace.
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Since the tragedy of Columbine high school
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Threat assessment is now part of a school social worker's new role.
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An Individualized Education Program (IEP)
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For each student who is found to be eligible for special education services is required and must be designed to meet the unique educational needs of each child in the least restrictive environment.
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Individualized Education Program team
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must include each of the following : The child's parents, Special education teacher, Social worker, or school psychologist, or school administrator
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The Education for All Handicapped Children (Individuals with Disabilities Act):
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The law Mandated that all school districts identify students with these problems and developed specialized programs
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Disenchanted teachers
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30% of new teachers leave within their first 5 years in the profession.
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Justification of slavery
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The Greeks therefore used slaves and justified slavery on the grounds that it freed citizen to spend their time in philosophic contemplation and cultural enrichment.
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History of work
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They viewed the working as doing pence for original Sin. (The Christian interpretation of the Bible asserts the original sin began with Adam and Eve disobeying God in the Garden of Eden).
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High regard
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There remains a strong link between amount of income and sense of personal worth. The more people are paid, the more highly they are regarded by others and the more highly they regard themselves.
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Work Situation
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White collar workers, the emergence of an employee society, specialization, the increase in women in the workforce, the emphasis on intrinsic rewards, the emphasis on high technology, the growth of low-paying jobs, and outsourcing in a global factory.
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Types of industry
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Primary industry is gathering or extracting of undeveloped natural resources, such as farming, mining, or fishing. Secondary industry involves turning raw materials into manufactured goods, such as processed food, steel, and automobiles. Tertiary industry involves service activities of one kind or another, such as dental care, medical services, automobile maintenance, sales and pest control
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Technology
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Is a double edged sword every major technological innovation has both freed humans from previous hardship and created new, unanticipated problems.
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Alienation
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Not being involved in decision-making process and being aware that supervisors do not want workers to make waves also lead to feelings of powerlessness and meaninglessness.
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Effects of alienation
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Many authorities believe that alienation leads to acts of disruption in the production process work of poor quality, high rates of absenteeism, and vandalism or thief of company property.
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Democratic management
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Goes even further it systematically allows employee groups to make a number of majors decisions, An example of democratic management is the practice of allowing work teams to hire, orient, and train new employees.
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Quality circles
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Are work improvement task forces in which managers and employees meet regularly to allow employees to air grievance to identify problems that hinder productivity, and to offer suggestions for alleviating these concerns.
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Employee Assistance Programs EAP
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Helps with retirement planning, alcohol and drug counseling, counseling for emotional difficulties, family counseling, career counseling and education, and credit counseling.
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Job stress
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Most textbooks in medicine assert that stress is a contributing factor in 50% to 80% of all diseases.
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The EAP movement
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Had its roots in the development of alcoholism programs in the 1930's and 1940's.
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Unemployment
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As a result, many of the unemployed see friends less, cease participating in community life, and become increasingly isolated.
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Depression and unemployment
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The suicide rate increases, indicating an increase in depression, Also higher during times of high unemployment are divorce rate, the incidence of abuse, and the number of peptic ulcers.
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Effect of being unemployed
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Being laid off or fired is often interpreted by the unemployed as a sign of being incompetent or worthless
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Chronically high unemployment rates
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These groups include African Americans, Latinos, teenagers, women, older workers the unskilled, the semiskilled and people with disability.
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Racism
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Is stereotyping and generalizing about people, usually negatively, because of their race; it is also frequently a basis of discrimination against members of racial minority groups.
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Stereotypes
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Involves attributing a fixed and usually inaccurate or unfavorable conception to a racial or ethnic group.
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Ethnic Racal background
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African Americans in the United States comprise the highest number of Muslims.
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Institutional Discrimination
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Is prejudicial treatment in organizations based on official policies, overt behaviors that may be covert but approved by those in power.
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Pinderhughes
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Has noted that the history of slavery and oppression of African Americans, combined with racism and exclusion, has produced a victim system
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Discrimination
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Also have high costs for the majority groups. It impairs intergroups cooperation and communication
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The effect of Discrimination
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Are even reflected in life expectancy. The life expectancy on a non-white is several years less than that of whites in the united states.
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United States
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Has always been a racist nation.
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Chattel
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The life of a slave was harsh. Slaves were viewed not as human beings but as this to be bought and sold.
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Brown Vs the board of education
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In 1954 a major turning point in civil rights history when racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.
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Jim Crow
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A rigid case system in the south hardened into a system of oppression.
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Native Americans
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On reservations have high rates of suicide, alcoholism, illiteracy, poverty, homicide, child neglect, and infant mortality.
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Bureau of Indian Affairs BIA
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Native Americans received the most paternalistic treatment by the government of all the minorities. This group for years had programs designed to destroy Native Americans culture , religion, and language.
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National Association of Social workers NASW
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In 2001 approved 10 standard cultural competences in social work practice here are three of them. 1. Serve delivery 2. Empowerment and advocacy 3. Professional Education
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Melting Pot
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Is strictly speaking, a rather different concept, which views the future American society not as a modified England but rather as a totally new blend both culturally and biologically, of all various groups that inhabit the United States, In practice, the melting pot been of only limited significance in the American experience.
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Cultural Pluralism
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Implies a series of coexisting groups each preserving its own tradition and culture, but each loyal to an overarching American nation.
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