Chapter 8: Female Reproductive System – Flashcards
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gynecology (GYN)
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is the study of the female reproductive organs, including the breasts.
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gynec/o
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female
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Obstetrics (OB)
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A branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth
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obstetr/o
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childbirth
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neonatology
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concentrates on the care of the neonate or newborn
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nat/i
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birth
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neo
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new
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ovaries (gonads)
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Essential female organ that produces the ovum
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ovum
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female sex cell/ egg
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gametes
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ovum and sperm cells are called collectively...
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last menstrual period
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(LMP)
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fertilization
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The female reproductive system functions to receive the sperm from a male and to unite the ovum with the sperm in the process of
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The ovary (ovari/o, oophor/o)
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the gamete-producing organ of the female reproductive system.
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graafian follicles
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Each ovary weighs about 3 grams and has a puckered, uneven appearance, caused by its contentsâthousands of small sacs, called ___________ ______, or ovarian follicles, that contain the ova (sing., ovum).
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corpus luteum ("yellow body")
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the anatomic structure on the surface of the ovary, consisting of a yellow glandular mass in the ovary formed by an ovarian follicle that has matured and discharged its ovum. If the ovum has been impregnated, the corpus luteum grwos in siz and persists for severla months; if impregnation has not occurred, the corpus luteum shrinks and degenerates
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Uterus
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Hollow pear-shaped female internal organ in which the fertilized ovum is implanted and the fetus develops and from which the menses flow
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utero-ovarian ligaments
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bands of fibrous tissue that connect uterus to ovaries
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fallopian tubes (salpingo, -salpinx)
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One of a pair of long slender ducts that extend from the upper lateral cornu of the uterus to the ovary legion of the same side. The tube consists of four parts--the infundibulum, fimbriae, isthmus, and ampulla---and serves as the channel through wich an ovum is transported to the uterus and through which spermatozoa travel out toward the ovary.
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ovulation
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epulsion of a secondary oocyte from the ovary after spontaneous rupture of a follicle due to cyclic ovarian and pituitary endocrine function
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fimbriae
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fringe-like projections on the outer end of each fallopian tube catch the egg
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cilia
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small haris in lining of tube which help to move ovum toward the uterus
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adnexa uteri
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accessory structures of the uterus which include the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments
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body (corpus)
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upper portion of uterus
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cervix (Cx)
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lower narrow section of uterus
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fundus
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area above where fallopian tubes attach to the uterus
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endometrium
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inner lining of uterus
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myometrium
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thick muscular middle layer of uterus
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epimetrium(perimetrium) (uterine serosa)
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outside serous layer of uterus
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menstruation (menses)
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periodic discharge through the vaginal canal of blood and tissues from the shedding of hte endometrium from the nonpregnant uterus
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Vagina (vagin/o, colp/o)
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long hollow tube extending just below utterus and is an expandable muscular canal 3 to 4 inches in length that lies between the urinary bladder and the rectum
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hymen
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sometimes covers the vaginal opening. A fold of mucous membrane.
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gonad
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gamete-producing organ in either the male or female reproductive system
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vulva
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external female genital organs, including the labia majora and minora, mons pubis, bulb of the vestibule, vestibule of the vagina, lesser and greater vestibular glands, and vaginal orifice
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vulva
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vulv/p episi/o
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bartholin glands
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one of two small glands that secrete mucus and are situated on the lateral and posterior aspect of the vestibule of the vagina
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mons pubis
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fleshy round prominence over the symphysis pubis
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labia majora
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two long lips of skin, one on each side of the vaginal opening outside the labia minora, extending from the anterior labial commissure to the posterior labial commissure and forming the lateral borders of the pudendal cleft
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labia minora
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two folds of skin between the labia majora that extend backward from the clitoris on both sides of the vaginal opening and end bewteen it and the labia majora
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clitoris
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small erectile body location at the anterior angle of the rima pudendi; homologous to the corpora cavernosa of the penis. composed of erectile tissue serving as a sensitive receptor of sexual stimulation
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symphysis pubis
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slightly movable interpubic join of the pelvis, formed by the union of the pubic bones in the median plane by a thick mass of fibrocartilage
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perineum(perine/o)
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are between the vagina and the anus
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breasts (mammary glands)
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accessory structures of the female reproductive system that lie on the upper chest between the second and sixth ribs composed of glandular, fatty, and fibrous tissue
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lactation
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production of nutrient-rich milk (lat/o galact/o for the newborn
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lobes
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each brast has 15-20 ____ tahtre are made up of several lobules that contain milk-secreting cells
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parurition
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childbirth
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lactiferous
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conveying or producing milk
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lactiferous sinuses
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a cavity or channel converging in a spokelike fashion toward the nipple
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nipple
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mammary papilla is surrounded by a pigmented area known as the areola
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suspensory ligaments of Cooper
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glandular structures of breast are anchored to skin and pectoral muscle by the ______ which helps support the glandular and connective tissues of the entire breast
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alveolar glands (alveoli)
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contained in the lobes of the breast that are arranged in clusters and drain int othe ductule
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ductule (of the breast)
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channel that takes the drainage from the alveolar and pass it into the duct
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duct
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takes the drainage from the ductule and passes it through the lactiferous duct toward the nipple
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oocyte
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immature ovum
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ova
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After a girl reaches puberty and experiences menarche, the number of oocytes reduce to about 400,000. Over the course of a woman's reprodctuve life,400- 500 of these sex cells will actualy mature into ____
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-arche
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beginning
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menarche
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female's first reproductive cycle
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temperature
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Maintaining a daily record of a female's body ________(charting its fluctuations in relation ot he ovulation cycle) can help to plan timing of sexual intercourse to increase likelihood of pregnancy
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coitus
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sexual connection between two people of opposite sex in which the penis is introduced into the vagina
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hormone
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ovaries peform the important function of secreting _______
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estrogen
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cells that surround the ovum within the ovarian follicles---follicular cells--secrete the hormone ______
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estrogen
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actions include promoting development of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics and initiating the menstrual cycle
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progesterone
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secreted by corpus luteum which produces a small amount of estrogen. Stimulates growth of the endometrial lining of the uterus to support the fertilized ovum should pregnancy occur.
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Pituitary gland
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______ ____ hormones controll production of estrogen and progesterone
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gonadotropin
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hypothalamus produces this hormone which causes the release of a hormone called GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) which leads to the release of two more hormones from the pituitary gland
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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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induces the development of ovarian follicles and their secretion of estrogen
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luteinizing hormone (LH)
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causes the mature follicle to rupture and to release its ovum. Also stimulates the maturation of the ovum and the formation of the corpus luteum.
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Sustained high
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sustained ___ blood levels of estrogen and progesterone, which occurs during pregnancy and with the use of contraceptive birth control pills, suppress the production of the pituitary gland hormones and prevent ovulation.
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Cyclic changes
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involving the uterus occur simultaneously with the events of the monthly ovarian cycle
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1 to 5
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Days __ ___ ___: During each month in which an ovum is not fertilized, menstruation occurs, and patches of dead cells, torn tissue, and blood from torn arteries are shed from the endometrium and discharged from the uterus through the vagina.
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6 to 12
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Days __ __ __: Now the cells of the uterine lining reproduce and the endometrium undergoes a period of repair. At the same time, another ovarian follicleâcontaining a maturing ovumâis developing, and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is causing estrogen production to increase toward its peak level.
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13 to 14
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Days __ ___ __: As the estrogen content in the blood increases, the anterior pituitary gland is stimulated to secrete LH (luteinizing hormone), causing the mature follicle to eject the ovum. Ovulation often occurs on day 14.
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15 to 28
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Days __ __ __: With the ovum moving through the fallopian tubes for possible fertilization, the uterine lining again begins to prepare for pregnancy. LH triggers the corpus luteum to secrete an increased level of progesterone, and in response, the uterine lining becomes thicker and develops a greater blood supply. When fertilization does not occur, secretions from the corpus luteum diminish, progesterone levels drop, endometrial cells die, and the reproductive cycle repeats with the onset of menstrual bleeding.
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menopause
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Thirty to 40 years after menarche, a woman's reproductive life comes to a close during what is known as _______ or the climacteric. Characterized by decrease in estrogen production ovulation and menstruation eventually stop
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coitus (sexual intercourse)
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If _________ has occurred, sperm cells deposited in the vagina will be carried through the uterus and into the fallopian tube.
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gestation
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in vivparous animals, the period of development of the young, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth
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zygote
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the combined cell produced from the union of a male and a female gamete at the end of a fertilization; the fertilized ovum
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wall
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10 days after ovulation, the zygote comes to rest on the uterine ___
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emrbyo
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corpus luteum helps to support the implanted fertlilized ovum which is now called an _____ (2- 6 weeks)
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corpus luteum
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helps to support implanted fertilized ovum by secreting increasing amounts of progesterone to maintain the endometrium
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amniotic cavity
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As the embryo develops, it forms an outer layer of cells and an inner cell mass. The inner cell mass becomes a structure with two cavitiesâthe yolk sac and the ____ _____. This _____ ____ becomes a fluid-filled, protective sac of amniotic fluid, in which the embryo floats during development.
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yolk sac
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produces blood cells for the embryo
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amniotic cavity
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the inner membranous layer of which is called the amnion (amni/o)
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chorion
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outermost layer of the membranes surrounding the embryo
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chorion
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chori/o
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placenta
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highly vascular organ that serves as a bridge to the maternal circulation for the exchange of nutrients and wastes
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fetus
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After 6 to 8 weeks of pregnancy which is anchored to the uterine wall by the placenta
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fet/o
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fetus
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human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
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chemical component secreted by placenta which promotes the continued secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum until about the third month of pregnancy, when the placenta itself completely assumes that function
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gravid/o (cyesis,-gravida_
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pregnancy
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labor
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process that results in hte birth of a newborn which begins with the onset of strong uterine contractions causing cervix to dilate allowing fetus to pass from the uterus through the vagina
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primi
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first
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primigravida
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pregnant for the first time
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multigravida
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woman who has had more than one pregnancy
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nulligravida
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woman who has never been pregnant
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nulli
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never
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G
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abbreviation for pregnancy
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-para
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delivery
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primipara
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given birth once
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multipara
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woman has delivered more than one baby
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reproductive history
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para 1: full term para 2: preterm para 3: aborted para 4: living biological children example) para 2-0-1-1
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hyster/o
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uterus
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DUB
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dysfunctional uterine bleeding (bleeding not associated with menstruation
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AUB
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abnormal uterine bleeding
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menorrhagia
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abnormally long or heavy menstrual periods. Also called hypermenorrhea
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men/o
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menstrual
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rrhagia
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bursting forth of blood
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metrorrhagia
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uterine bleeding not caused by menstruation, occurring at frequent but irregular intervals
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metr/o
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uterine
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menometrorrhagia
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excessive uterine bleeding that occurs both during and between menstrual periods
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dys
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painful
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men
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menstrual
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dysmenorrhea
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pain associated with menstruation
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amenorrhea
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an abnormal cessation or absence of menses. Also called amenia
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oligomeonrrhea
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light, scarce, or scanty menstrual flow
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olig/o
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scanty
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fibroids
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an informal term for a fibroma or myoma, especially of the uterus (development is believed to be stimulated by estrogen)
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leiomyomas
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A benign smooth-muscle tumor, most commonly of the uterus
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leiomy/o
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smooth, visceral muscle
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-oma
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tumor or mass
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choriocarcinoma
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malignant neoplasm of the uterus that arise from the chorionic membrane, or placenta. tumor invades and destroys the myometrium and then metastasizes through the lympth or blood vessels. Signs include enlarged ovaries, bleeding, and positive pregnancy test
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chori/o
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chorionic membrane
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ectopic pregnancy
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An abnormal pregnancy in which the product of conception implants outside the uterus, often in the fallopian tubes
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abortion (AB)
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premature termination of pregnancy, whether spontaneous and unplanned or planned
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miscarriage
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unplanned termination of pregnancy
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Endometriosis
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is a condition in which the endometrial tissue that lines the uterus proliferates and is transferred to sites outside the uterine cavity. A number of causes are believed responsible for this condition, including the backward flow, during menstruation, of fragments of endometrium. These fragments then attach to the fallopian tubes, the ovaries, and to other structures in the pelvic cavity.
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Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
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is an inflammation and infection of any number of organs in the pelvic regionâincluding the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and cervix. It can include endometritis, as well as endocervicitis,
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endometritis
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inflammation of the endometrium
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endocervicitis
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inflammation of the intter lining of the cervix
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Endometrial carcinoma
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cancerous tumor of the inner lining of the uterusâis the most commonly occurring gynecologic cancer. It is often referred to as a disease of older women because it usually develops after menopause. As with cervical cancer, endometrial carcinoma tends to be preceded by abnormal changes in uterine tissue. Endometrial hyperplasia can be the precursor to malignancy.
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endometrial hyperplasia
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over growth of endometrium caused by sustained estrogen stimulation
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cervicitis
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an inflammation of the lower necklike portion of the uterus that protrudes into the vaginal cavity
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leukorrhea
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condition may be either acute or chronic and can sometimes produce a white or yellowish pus-filled discharge from the vagina
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vaginitis
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inflammation of the vagina
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vulvitis
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inflammation of the vulva
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vulvovaginitis
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inflammation of both the vulva and the vagina
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cervical dysplasia
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alterations in the size, shape, and/or appearance of the cells that form cervical tissue (an early change that often signals the development of a cancerous condition
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Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
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abnormal cells, though not invading adjacent structures, evidence more of the characteristics associated with cancer (a strong predictor of cervical cancer
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Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
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cervical dysplasia and CIS together referred to as
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development
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cervical cancer is yet unknown, __________ of the disease is associated with a number of risk factors, including low socioeconomic status, smoking, multiple pregnancies, and chronic gynecologic infections, particularly human papilloma virus (HPV) infections.
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human papilloma virus (HPV)
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a virus causing causing warts of the feet and hands, as well as lesions of the mucous membranes of the anal, oral, and genital cavities; affects both males and females, can be transmitted by sexual contact, and is a precursor to cancer of the cervix
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Ovarian cysts
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globular sacs filled with fluid or semisolid material that develop in or on the ovaries
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Ovarian carcinoma
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a malignant neoplasm of the ovaries, is the most deadly gynecologic cancer among women in the United States; this is because it tends not to be diagnosed until it is far advanced. The cause of the condition is not well understood, but its development is associated with hereditary, environmental, and dietary factors. Early stages of the disease produce few, if any, symptoms. As it progresses, ovarian cancer may cause abdominal swelling, weight loss, abnormal bleeding, and pelvic pain.
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cystadenocarcinomas
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malignant growths.
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cystadenomas
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benign growths
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Dermoid cysts
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ovarian tumors that contain different kinds of tissue, including fatty material, hair, teeth, bits of bone, and cartilage.
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PID
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most frequently caused by repeated bacterial infections or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), such as chlamydia or gonorrhea. Characteristics include fever, a foul-smelling vaginal discharge, pain in the lower abdomen, and abnormal bleeding. When the fallopian tubes are affectedâa condition called salpingitis (Fig. B)âpurulent material can collect, causing a partial or complete tubal obstruction. PID can also take the form of oophoritis
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oophoritis
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inflammation of the ovary.
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Tubal pregnancy (ectopic pregnancy)
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constitutes a surgical emergency, as continued development of the embryo within the fallopian tube can lead to rupture. Other sites of ectopic pregnancy, which also require surgical intervention for removal of the implant, include the ovaries, cervix, and the abdominal cavity,
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proteinuria
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urine specimen with a high protein content
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preeclampsia
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an abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, large quantities of protein in the urine (proteinuria), and swelling of the legs and feet (edema). May be mild or severe
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Placenta previa
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A condition in which the placenta has developed in the lower portion of the uterus in such a way as to partially or completely cover the cervical opening.
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Abruptio placentae
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potentially life-threatening condition that may occur during pregnancy. Involves separation, or tearing away, of the placenta from the uterine wall. This condition often results in severe hemorrhage.
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dystocia
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If the labor and delivery is difficult while
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-tocia
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labor and delivery
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oxytocia
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rapid labor and delivery.
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oxy-
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rapid
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oxytocin
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promotes uterine contractions
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erythroblastosis fetalis
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the incompatibility of maternal and fetal blood types leads to destruction of red blood cells in the newborn. Intrauterine transfusion of blood or immediate exchange transfusions after birth may be required.
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Down syndrome
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a chromosomal abnormality known as trisomy 21. identifiable by 1.slanted eyes 2.a flattened nose 3.an enlarged tongue 4. short, stubby hands and feet. 5. mental retardation, which may vary from moderate to severe.
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episiotomy
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a widening of the vaginal opening with a scalpel to make delivery easier without tearing the vaginal orifice
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fetal presentation
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position of the baby in relation to the birth canal
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cephalic version
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the head turned toward the cervix during childbirth
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Apgar score
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developed by anesthesiologist Virginia Apgar, evaluates five factors that may indicate a need for immediate intervention. 1. Infant's heart rate 2. Respiration 3. Muscle tone 4. Color 5. Response to skin stimulation
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meconium aspiration syndrome
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the fetus's lungs can become blocked by meconium, the first stools of a fetus or newborn. At birth, then, the lungs fail to expand, causing respiratory distress.
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Hyaline membrane disease (HMD),
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also known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn, is an acute lung disorder often associated with prematurity and low birth weight. The condition is caused by a lack of surfactant. Without this substance, small air sacs within the lungs collapse because of increased tension, a problem indicated by the baby's labored breathing. Treatment includes measures to maintain adequate oxygenation.
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surfactant
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a substance formed from protein and produced by special cells in the lungs which allows the easy movement of air in and out of the lungs
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cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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a protective fluid that circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord
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hydrocephalus
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abnormal accumulation and manifestation as a neonatal disorder which results in 1. Enlargement of the infant's head 2. Disproportionately small face 3. Eyes that appear depressed within the sockets. Treatment consists of the insertion of a tube, called a shunt, to drain the excessive fluid and relieve pressure on the brain.
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Pyloric stenosis
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Characterized by a narrowing of the muscular ringâthe pyloric sphincterâseparating the stomach from the first portion of the small intestine. Surgical correction of the disorder may be required.
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Fibrocystic breast disease
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The presence of single or multiple palpable cysts and is the most frequently occurring breast disorder. Fibrocystic changes of the breast are often most evident before and during menstruation and subside afterward. Incidence of the condition is greatest among nulliparous women and those who are between the ages of 40 and 50.
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nulliparous
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women who have never given birth
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mastitis
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an inflammation of the breast which can affect women who are nursing
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galactorrhea
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an abnormal discharge of milk from the breasts
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invasive ductal carcinoma
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The most common malignancy of the breast in women
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ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
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A precancerous lesion that indicates a higher risk for invasive ductal breast carcinoma.
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hysterosalpingography (HSG)
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a diagnostic test that involves the imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes following the injection of contrast dye.
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pelvic ultrasonography
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the process of imaging deep body structures by measuring and recording sound waves to detect leiomyomas. These sound waves are sent and received by means of a device called a transducer that converts them into electrical impulses
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Transvaginal ultrasound
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which involves placing a transducer in the vaginal canal, offers a sharper image of internal structures than does transabdominal ultrasonography
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a maternal alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) test
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Performed to reveal multiple gestations as well as conditions such as neural tube defects.
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prenatal amniocentesis
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In the 16th week of pregnancy, the pregnant woman may undergo a procedure that involves the insertion of a needle through the abdomen for aspiration of amniotic fluid. Fetal cells contained in the fluid are cultured for microscopic analysis, and a karyotype is made to analyze chromosomes. The fluid can also be tested for chemical signs of fetal spinal cord and spinal column defects.
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culdocentesis
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fluid is removed through a needle inserted through the vagina into the cul-de-sac (culd/o). The presence of blood in the aspirated fluid can help to signal a ruptured ectopic pregnancy.
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Fetal monitoring
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With the use of procedures such as ultrasonography and electrocardiography, ___ ____ can provide information about 1. fetal heart rate (FHR) 2. development 3. positioning within the uterus
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Pelvimetry
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measurement of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis, helps to evaluate the mother's capacity for vaginal delivery
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Pap (Papanicolaou) smear
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A diagnostic measure used to screen for cervicitis and for a number of other gynecologic problems. The test is performed by collecting cells from the cervix and vagina, during a pelvic exam, and staining and preserving the cells for microscopic study. Can help to detect cervical cancer
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atypical squamous cells of undertermined significance
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ASCUS
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Protein marker test (CA-125)
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tests used to measure tumor-generated proteins present in the blood
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Dilation and curettage (D&C)
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widening of the uterine cervix and scraping of the endometrium of the uterus which is performed to diagnose endometrial cancer and other conditions. *This same procedure is also useful in treating some of these cancers as well.
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ECC
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Endocervical curettage
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Endometrial biopsy (EMB)
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helpful in pinpointing a specific diagnosis. Biopsy of endometrium
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Colposcopy
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An endoscopic procedure used for cervical/vaginal biopsies using an instrument called a colposcope (a special lighted, magnifying instrument)
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colp/o
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vagina
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culdoscopy
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Uses a culdoscope for biopsy of a cul-de-sac
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culd/o
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cul-de-sac
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hysteroscopy
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uses a hysteroscope to remove either a fibroid or polyp from the uterus
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Laparoscopy
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Uses a laparoscope to remove adbominal lesions or to perform a hysterectomy or biopsy the ovary
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laparotomy
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an incision into the abdomen performed for exploration and diagnosis of ovarian cancer in particular
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conization (cone biopsy)
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removal of a cone shaped sample of cervical tissue for further study using a loop electrocautery excision procedure (LEEP), carbon dioxide laser, or surgical knife
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breast self-exam (BSE)
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The initial signs of breast cancer are usually a small, painless lump (most often located in the upper outer quadrant of the breast); thick or dimpled skin; and/or retraction of the nipple. ** Most of these signs are discovered by the woman herself during a monthly _____ _____ ___
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mammogram
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radiographic image of the soft tissue of the breast
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mammography
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x-ray imaging of the breast
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biopsy of breast
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helps to rule out a diagnosis of breast tumor
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full-field digital mammography
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mammography that is faster and displays images on a computer screen
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staging
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carcinoma of the breast is classified in terms of its growth and progression through a process called ______
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lymphatic
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As cancer develops, the tumor invades the surrounding breast tissue and is carried---either by ________ drainage or systemic circulation--- to other sites in the body.
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lumpectomy
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tumor and immediate surrounding tissue are removed while preserving the remaining breast tissue
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sentinel node biopsy (SNB) (SLN biopsy)
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determines whether the brest tumor has spread to the lymph nodes. Procedure involves injecting a blue dye or radioisotope into the site and tracking it to identify the sentinel node(s). The sentinel node(s) are removed for microscopic study to see if they are affected. If not, the procedure stops there; if they are affected, more nodes are removed to determine the extent of involvement. The surgery is then followed by radiation to the affected tissues to kill any remaining tumor cells.
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aspiration
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the use of a needle to withdraw fluid from the cysts
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myomectomy
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excision of fibroids
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in vitro fertilization (IVF)
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both ova and sperm are combined in a glass laboratory dish (in vitro). In this procedure, if fertilization is successful, then after two or three days, the fertilized ova are injected into the woman's uterus through the cervix.
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estrogen replacement therapy (ERT)
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______ ________ _____âis sometimes recommended to relieve discomforts of menopause
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Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)â
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Therapy to help relieve discomforts of low estrogen. Low estrogen replacement appears to contribute to cardiovascular health and to prevent the loss of bone mass that occurs with aging; however, it increases a woman's risk for stroke and thromboembolism. Estrogen is also believed to increase the risk of breast and endometrial cancer.
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cesarean section (CS; C-section)
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If severe hemorrhagign occurs _____ ______ : a surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetusâmay be necessary to save the mother's life.
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intrauterine device
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a contraceptive device that consists of a bent piece of radiopaque plastic and a monofilament tail; inserted during or just after menstruation and situated with the string of the tail left projecting a few centimeters from the cervix
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intra-
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within
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uter/o
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uterus
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-ine
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pertaining to
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tubal ligation
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cutting, burning, or tying off of the oviducts that results in sterility
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sterility
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inability to reproduce
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Hysterectomy
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Treatment of endrometriosis varies from pharmacologic management to surgical removal of the endometrial lesions. The surgical removal of the uterus is
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total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH)
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uterus and cervix are removed through an abdominal incision
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total vaginal hysterectomy (TVH)
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uterus is removed through the vagina
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laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH)
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a variation of this takes place superior to or over the cervix in laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy (LSH).
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salpingectomy
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resection of a fallopian tube as opposed to a total abdominal hysterectomy with a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH-BSO)
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cervicitis
answer
can be treated by administering antibiotics
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Cautery (cauterization)
answer
(use of heat to destroy diseased tissue) used to treat cervical erosion
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cryosurgery (cryocauterization)
answer
freezing and excising abnormal cervical tissue with a liquid nitrogen probe
question
choriocarcinoma
answer
both chemotherapy and dilation and curettage are used to treat cancers such as ___________ of the uterus.
question
pelvic exenteration
answer
removal of all the pelvic organs when the cancer, though advanced, has not spread beyond the pelvic caviy
question
cysts
answer
____ often arise in response to hormone stimulation, many resolve spontaneously when hormone levels diminish
question
cystectomy
answer
surgical removal of a cyst
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oophorectomy
answer
excision of one or both ovaries
question
salpingo
answer
oophorectomy; surgical removal of oviducts and ovaries
question
mastectomy
answer
surgical removal of one or both breasts
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radical mastectomy
answer
removal of the breast, lymph nodes, and adjacent chest wall muscle if the lymph nodes are involved
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modified radical mastectomy
answer
pectoral muscles are preserved
question
adjuvant chemotherapy
answer
treatment with chemical agents or drugs given any time the lymph nodes are involved
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mammoplasty
answer
refers to any type of surgical repair of the breast
question
TRAM flap
answer
transrectus abdominis musculocutaneous tissue is used for the reconstruction of the breast.
question
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
answer
is the aspiration of placental tissue for the purpose of detecting congenital abnormalities
