question

gynecology (GYN)

answer

is the study of the female reproductive organs, including the breasts.

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gynec/o

answer

female

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Obstetrics (OB)

answer

A branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth

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obstetr/o

answer

childbirth

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neonatology

answer

concentrates on the care of the neonate or newborn

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nat/i

answer

birth

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neo

answer

new

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ovaries (gonads)

answer

Essential female organ that produces the ovum

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ovum

answer

female sex cell/ egg

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gametes

answer

ovum and sperm cells are called collectively...

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last menstrual period

answer

(LMP)

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fertilization

answer

The female reproductive system functions to receive the sperm from a male and to unite the ovum with the sperm in the process of

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The ovary (ovari/o, oophor/o)

answer

the gamete-producing organ of the female reproductive system.

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graafian follicles

answer

Each ovary weighs about 3 grams and has a puckered, uneven appearance, caused by its contents—thousands of small sacs, called ___________ ______, or ovarian follicles, that contain the ova (sing., ovum).

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corpus luteum ("yellow body")

answer

the anatomic structure on the surface of the ovary, consisting of a yellow glandular mass in the ovary formed by an ovarian follicle that has matured and discharged its ovum. If the ovum has been impregnated, the corpus luteum grwos in siz and persists for severla months; if impregnation has not occurred, the corpus luteum shrinks and degenerates

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Uterus

answer

Hollow pear-shaped female internal organ in which the fertilized ovum is implanted and the fetus develops and from which the menses flow

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utero-ovarian ligaments

answer

bands of fibrous tissue that connect uterus to ovaries

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fallopian tubes (salpingo, -salpinx)

answer

One of a pair of long slender ducts that extend from the upper lateral cornu of the uterus to the ovary legion of the same side. The tube consists of four parts--the infundibulum, fimbriae, isthmus, and ampulla---and serves as the channel through wich an ovum is transported to the uterus and through which spermatozoa travel out toward the ovary.

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ovulation

answer

epulsion of a secondary oocyte from the ovary after spontaneous rupture of a follicle due to cyclic ovarian and pituitary endocrine function

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fimbriae

answer

fringe-like projections on the outer end of each fallopian tube catch the egg

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cilia

answer

small haris in lining of tube which help to move ovum toward the uterus

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adnexa uteri

answer

accessory structures of the uterus which include the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments

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body (corpus)

answer

upper portion of uterus

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cervix (Cx)

answer

lower narrow section of uterus

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fundus

answer

area above where fallopian tubes attach to the uterus

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endometrium

answer

inner lining of uterus

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myometrium

answer

thick muscular middle layer of uterus

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epimetrium(perimetrium) (uterine serosa)

answer

outside serous layer of uterus

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menstruation (menses)

answer

periodic discharge through the vaginal canal of blood and tissues from the shedding of hte endometrium from the nonpregnant uterus

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Vagina (vagin/o, colp/o)

answer

long hollow tube extending just below utterus and is an expandable muscular canal 3 to 4 inches in length that lies between the urinary bladder and the rectum

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hymen

answer

sometimes covers the vaginal opening. A fold of mucous membrane.

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gonad

answer

gamete-producing organ in either the male or female reproductive system

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vulva

answer

external female genital organs, including the labia majora and minora, mons pubis, bulb of the vestibule, vestibule of the vagina, lesser and greater vestibular glands, and vaginal orifice

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vulva

answer

vulv/p episi/o

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bartholin glands

answer

one of two small glands that secrete mucus and are situated on the lateral and posterior aspect of the vestibule of the vagina

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mons pubis

answer

fleshy round prominence over the symphysis pubis

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labia majora

answer

two long lips of skin, one on each side of the vaginal opening outside the labia minora, extending from the anterior labial commissure to the posterior labial commissure and forming the lateral borders of the pudendal cleft

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labia minora

answer

two folds of skin between the labia majora that extend backward from the clitoris on both sides of the vaginal opening and end bewteen it and the labia majora

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clitoris

answer

small erectile body location at the anterior angle of the rima pudendi; homologous to the corpora cavernosa of the penis. composed of erectile tissue serving as a sensitive receptor of sexual stimulation

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symphysis pubis

answer

slightly movable interpubic join of the pelvis, formed by the union of the pubic bones in the median plane by a thick mass of fibrocartilage

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perineum(perine/o)

answer

are between the vagina and the anus

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breasts (mammary glands)

answer

accessory structures of the female reproductive system that lie on the upper chest between the second and sixth ribs composed of glandular, fatty, and fibrous tissue

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lactation

answer

production of nutrient-rich milk (lat/o galact/o for the newborn

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lobes

answer

each brast has 15-20 ____ tahtre are made up of several lobules that contain milk-secreting cells

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parurition

answer

childbirth

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lactiferous

answer

conveying or producing milk

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lactiferous sinuses

answer

a cavity or channel converging in a spokelike fashion toward the nipple

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nipple

answer

mammary papilla is surrounded by a pigmented area known as the areola

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suspensory ligaments of Cooper

answer

glandular structures of breast are anchored to skin and pectoral muscle by the ______ which helps support the glandular and connective tissues of the entire breast

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alveolar glands (alveoli)

answer

contained in the lobes of the breast that are arranged in clusters and drain int othe ductule

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ductule (of the breast)

answer

channel that takes the drainage from the alveolar and pass it into the duct

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duct

answer

takes the drainage from the ductule and passes it through the lactiferous duct toward the nipple

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oocyte

answer

immature ovum

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ova

answer

After a girl reaches puberty and experiences menarche, the number of oocytes reduce to about 400,000. Over the course of a woman's reprodctuve life,400- 500 of these sex cells will actualy mature into ____

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-arche

answer

beginning

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menarche

answer

female's first reproductive cycle

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temperature

answer

Maintaining a daily record of a female's body ________(charting its fluctuations in relation ot he ovulation cycle) can help to plan timing of sexual intercourse to increase likelihood of pregnancy

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coitus

answer

sexual connection between two people of opposite sex in which the penis is introduced into the vagina

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hormone

answer

ovaries peform the important function of secreting _______

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estrogen

answer

cells that surround the ovum within the ovarian follicles---follicular cells--secrete the hormone ______

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estrogen

answer

actions include promoting development of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics and initiating the menstrual cycle

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progesterone

answer

secreted by corpus luteum which produces a small amount of estrogen. Stimulates growth of the endometrial lining of the uterus to support the fertilized ovum should pregnancy occur.

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Pituitary gland

answer

______ ____ hormones controll production of estrogen and progesterone

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gonadotropin

answer

hypothalamus produces this hormone which causes the release of a hormone called GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) which leads to the release of two more hormones from the pituitary gland

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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

answer

induces the development of ovarian follicles and their secretion of estrogen

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luteinizing hormone (LH)

answer

causes the mature follicle to rupture and to release its ovum. Also stimulates the maturation of the ovum and the formation of the corpus luteum.

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Sustained high

answer

sustained ___ blood levels of estrogen and progesterone, which occurs during pregnancy and with the use of contraceptive birth control pills, suppress the production of the pituitary gland hormones and prevent ovulation.

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Cyclic changes

answer

involving the uterus occur simultaneously with the events of the monthly ovarian cycle

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1 to 5

answer

Days __ ___ ___: During each month in which an ovum is not fertilized, menstruation occurs, and patches of dead cells, torn tissue, and blood from torn arteries are shed from the endometrium and discharged from the uterus through the vagina.

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6 to 12

answer

Days __ __ __: Now the cells of the uterine lining reproduce and the endometrium undergoes a period of repair. At the same time, another ovarian follicle—containing a maturing ovum—is developing, and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is causing estrogen production to increase toward its peak level.

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13 to 14

answer

Days __ ___ __: As the estrogen content in the blood increases, the anterior pituitary gland is stimulated to secrete LH (luteinizing hormone), causing the mature follicle to eject the ovum. Ovulation often occurs on day 14.

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15 to 28

answer

Days __ __ __: With the ovum moving through the fallopian tubes for possible fertilization, the uterine lining again begins to prepare for pregnancy. LH triggers the corpus luteum to secrete an increased level of progesterone, and in response, the uterine lining becomes thicker and develops a greater blood supply. When fertilization does not occur, secretions from the corpus luteum diminish, progesterone levels drop, endometrial cells die, and the reproductive cycle repeats with the onset of menstrual bleeding.

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menopause

answer

Thirty to 40 years after menarche, a woman's reproductive life comes to a close during what is known as _______ or the climacteric. Characterized by decrease in estrogen production ovulation and menstruation eventually stop

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coitus (sexual intercourse)

answer

If _________ has occurred, sperm cells deposited in the vagina will be carried through the uterus and into the fallopian tube.

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gestation

answer

in vivparous animals, the period of development of the young, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth

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zygote

answer

the combined cell produced from the union of a male and a female gamete at the end of a fertilization; the fertilized ovum

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wall

answer

10 days after ovulation, the zygote comes to rest on the uterine ___

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emrbyo

answer

corpus luteum helps to support the implanted fertlilized ovum which is now called an _____ (2- 6 weeks)

question

corpus luteum

answer

helps to support implanted fertilized ovum by secreting increasing amounts of progesterone to maintain the endometrium

question

amniotic cavity

answer

As the embryo develops, it forms an outer layer of cells and an inner cell mass. The inner cell mass becomes a structure with two cavities—the yolk sac and the ____ _____. This _____ ____ becomes a fluid-filled, protective sac of amniotic fluid, in which the embryo floats during development.

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yolk sac

answer

produces blood cells for the embryo

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amniotic cavity

answer

the inner membranous layer of which is called the amnion (amni/o)

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chorion

answer

outermost layer of the membranes surrounding the embryo

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chorion

answer

chori/o

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placenta

answer

highly vascular organ that serves as a bridge to the maternal circulation for the exchange of nutrients and wastes

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fetus

answer

After 6 to 8 weeks of pregnancy which is anchored to the uterine wall by the placenta

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fet/o

answer

fetus

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human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

answer

chemical component secreted by placenta which promotes the continued secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum until about the third month of pregnancy, when the placenta itself completely assumes that function

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gravid/o (cyesis,-gravida_

answer

pregnancy

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labor

answer

process that results in hte birth of a newborn which begins with the onset of strong uterine contractions causing cervix to dilate allowing fetus to pass from the uterus through the vagina

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primi

answer

first

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primigravida

answer

pregnant for the first time

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multigravida

answer

woman who has had more than one pregnancy

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nulligravida

answer

woman who has never been pregnant

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nulli

answer

never

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G

answer

abbreviation for pregnancy

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-para

answer

delivery

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primipara

answer

given birth once

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multipara

answer

woman has delivered more than one baby

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reproductive history

answer

para 1: full term para 2: preterm para 3: aborted para 4: living biological children example) para 2-0-1-1

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hyster/o

answer

uterus

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DUB

answer

dysfunctional uterine bleeding (bleeding not associated with menstruation

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AUB

answer

abnormal uterine bleeding

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menorrhagia

answer

abnormally long or heavy menstrual periods. Also called hypermenorrhea

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men/o

answer

menstrual

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rrhagia

answer

bursting forth of blood

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metrorrhagia

answer

uterine bleeding not caused by menstruation, occurring at frequent but irregular intervals

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metr/o

answer

uterine

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menometrorrhagia

answer

excessive uterine bleeding that occurs both during and between menstrual periods

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dys

answer

painful

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men

answer

menstrual

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dysmenorrhea

answer

pain associated with menstruation

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amenorrhea

answer

an abnormal cessation or absence of menses. Also called amenia

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oligomeonrrhea

answer

light, scarce, or scanty menstrual flow

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olig/o

answer

scanty

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fibroids

answer

an informal term for a fibroma or myoma, especially of the uterus (development is believed to be stimulated by estrogen)

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leiomyomas

answer

A benign smooth-muscle tumor, most commonly of the uterus

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leiomy/o

answer

smooth, visceral muscle

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-oma

answer

tumor or mass

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choriocarcinoma

answer

malignant neoplasm of the uterus that arise from the chorionic membrane, or placenta. tumor invades and destroys the myometrium and then metastasizes through the lympth or blood vessels. Signs include enlarged ovaries, bleeding, and positive pregnancy test

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chori/o

answer

chorionic membrane

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ectopic pregnancy

answer

An abnormal pregnancy in which the product of conception implants outside the uterus, often in the fallopian tubes

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abortion (AB)

answer

premature termination of pregnancy, whether spontaneous and unplanned or planned

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miscarriage

answer

unplanned termination of pregnancy

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Endometriosis

answer

is a condition in which the endometrial tissue that lines the uterus proliferates and is transferred to sites outside the uterine cavity. A number of causes are believed responsible for this condition, including the backward flow, during menstruation, of fragments of endometrium. These fragments then attach to the fallopian tubes, the ovaries, and to other structures in the pelvic cavity.

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Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

answer

is an inflammation and infection of any number of organs in the pelvic region—including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and cervix. It can include endometritis, as well as endocervicitis,

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endometritis

answer

inflammation of the endometrium

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endocervicitis

answer

inflammation of the intter lining of the cervix

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Endometrial carcinoma

answer

cancerous tumor of the inner lining of the uterus—is the most commonly occurring gynecologic cancer. It is often referred to as a disease of older women because it usually develops after menopause. As with cervical cancer, endometrial carcinoma tends to be preceded by abnormal changes in uterine tissue. Endometrial hyperplasia can be the precursor to malignancy.

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endometrial hyperplasia

answer

over growth of endometrium caused by sustained estrogen stimulation

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cervicitis

answer

an inflammation of the lower necklike portion of the uterus that protrudes into the vaginal cavity

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leukorrhea

answer

condition may be either acute or chronic and can sometimes produce a white or yellowish pus-filled discharge from the vagina

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vaginitis

answer

inflammation of the vagina

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vulvitis

answer

inflammation of the vulva

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vulvovaginitis

answer

inflammation of both the vulva and the vagina

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cervical dysplasia

answer

alterations in the size, shape, and/or appearance of the cells that form cervical tissue (an early change that often signals the development of a cancerous condition

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Carcinoma in situ (CIS)

answer

abnormal cells, though not invading adjacent structures, evidence more of the characteristics associated with cancer (a strong predictor of cervical cancer

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Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

answer

cervical dysplasia and CIS together referred to as

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development

answer

cervical cancer is yet unknown, __________ of the disease is associated with a number of risk factors, including low socioeconomic status, smoking, multiple pregnancies, and chronic gynecologic infections, particularly human papilloma virus (HPV) infections.

question

human papilloma virus (HPV)

answer

a virus causing causing warts of the feet and hands, as well as lesions of the mucous membranes of the anal, oral, and genital cavities; affects both males and females, can be transmitted by sexual contact, and is a precursor to cancer of the cervix

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Ovarian cysts

answer

globular sacs filled with fluid or semisolid material that develop in or on the ovaries

question

Ovarian carcinoma

answer

a malignant neoplasm of the ovaries, is the most deadly gynecologic cancer among women in the United States; this is because it tends not to be diagnosed until it is far advanced. The cause of the condition is not well understood, but its development is associated with hereditary, environmental, and dietary factors. Early stages of the disease produce few, if any, symptoms. As it progresses, ovarian cancer may cause abdominal swelling, weight loss, abnormal bleeding, and pelvic pain.

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cystadenocarcinomas

answer

malignant growths.

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cystadenomas

answer

benign growths

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Dermoid cysts

answer

ovarian tumors that contain different kinds of tissue, including fatty material, hair, teeth, bits of bone, and cartilage.

question

PID

answer

most frequently caused by repeated bacterial infections or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), such as chlamydia or gonorrhea. Characteristics include fever, a foul-smelling vaginal discharge, pain in the lower abdomen, and abnormal bleeding. When the fallopian tubes are affected—a condition called salpingitis (Fig. B)—purulent material can collect, causing a partial or complete tubal obstruction. PID can also take the form of oophoritis

question

oophoritis

answer

inflammation of the ovary.

question

Tubal pregnancy (ectopic pregnancy)

answer

constitutes a surgical emergency, as continued development of the embryo within the fallopian tube can lead to rupture. Other sites of ectopic pregnancy, which also require surgical intervention for removal of the implant, include the ovaries, cervix, and the abdominal cavity,

question

proteinuria

answer

urine specimen with a high protein content

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preeclampsia

answer

an abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, large quantities of protein in the urine (proteinuria), and swelling of the legs and feet (edema). May be mild or severe

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Placenta previa

answer

A condition in which the placenta has developed in the lower portion of the uterus in such a way as to partially or completely cover the cervical opening.

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Abruptio placentae

answer

potentially life-threatening condition that may occur during pregnancy. Involves separation, or tearing away, of the placenta from the uterine wall. This condition often results in severe hemorrhage.

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dystocia

answer

If the labor and delivery is difficult while

question

-tocia

answer

labor and delivery

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oxytocia

answer

rapid labor and delivery.

question

oxy-

answer

rapid

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oxytocin

answer

promotes uterine contractions

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erythroblastosis fetalis

answer

the incompatibility of maternal and fetal blood types leads to destruction of red blood cells in the newborn. Intrauterine transfusion of blood or immediate exchange transfusions after birth may be required.

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Down syndrome

answer

a chromosomal abnormality known as trisomy 21. identifiable by 1.slanted eyes 2.a flattened nose 3.an enlarged tongue 4. short, stubby hands and feet. 5. mental retardation, which may vary from moderate to severe.

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episiotomy

answer

a widening of the vaginal opening with a scalpel to make delivery easier without tearing the vaginal orifice

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fetal presentation

answer

position of the baby in relation to the birth canal

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cephalic version

answer

the head turned toward the cervix during childbirth

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Apgar score

answer

developed by anesthesiologist Virginia Apgar, evaluates five factors that may indicate a need for immediate intervention. 1. Infant's heart rate 2. Respiration 3. Muscle tone 4. Color 5. Response to skin stimulation

question

meconium aspiration syndrome

answer

the fetus's lungs can become blocked by meconium, the first stools of a fetus or newborn. At birth, then, the lungs fail to expand, causing respiratory distress.

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Hyaline membrane disease (HMD),

answer

also known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn, is an acute lung disorder often associated with prematurity and low birth weight. The condition is caused by a lack of surfactant. Without this substance, small air sacs within the lungs collapse because of increased tension, a problem indicated by the baby's labored breathing. Treatment includes measures to maintain adequate oxygenation.

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surfactant

answer

a substance formed from protein and produced by special cells in the lungs which allows the easy movement of air in and out of the lungs

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cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

answer

a protective fluid that circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord

question

hydrocephalus

answer

abnormal accumulation and manifestation as a neonatal disorder which results in 1. Enlargement of the infant's head 2. Disproportionately small face 3. Eyes that appear depressed within the sockets. Treatment consists of the insertion of a tube, called a shunt, to drain the excessive fluid and relieve pressure on the brain.

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Pyloric stenosis

answer

Characterized by a narrowing of the muscular ring—the pyloric sphincter—separating the stomach from the first portion of the small intestine. Surgical correction of the disorder may be required.

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Fibrocystic breast disease

answer

The presence of single or multiple palpable cysts and is the most frequently occurring breast disorder. Fibrocystic changes of the breast are often most evident before and during menstruation and subside afterward. Incidence of the condition is greatest among nulliparous women and those who are between the ages of 40 and 50.

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nulliparous

answer

women who have never given birth

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mastitis

answer

an inflammation of the breast which can affect women who are nursing

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galactorrhea

answer

an abnormal discharge of milk from the breasts

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invasive ductal carcinoma

answer

The most common malignancy of the breast in women

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ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

answer

A precancerous lesion that indicates a higher risk for invasive ductal breast carcinoma.

question

hysterosalpingography (HSG)

answer

a diagnostic test that involves the imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes following the injection of contrast dye.

question

pelvic ultrasonography

answer

the process of imaging deep body structures by measuring and recording sound waves to detect leiomyomas. These sound waves are sent and received by means of a device called a transducer that converts them into electrical impulses

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Transvaginal ultrasound

answer

which involves placing a transducer in the vaginal canal, offers a sharper image of internal structures than does transabdominal ultrasonography

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a maternal alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) test

answer

Performed to reveal multiple gestations as well as conditions such as neural tube defects.

question

prenatal amniocentesis

answer

In the 16th week of pregnancy, the pregnant woman may undergo a procedure that involves the insertion of a needle through the abdomen for aspiration of amniotic fluid. Fetal cells contained in the fluid are cultured for microscopic analysis, and a karyotype is made to analyze chromosomes. The fluid can also be tested for chemical signs of fetal spinal cord and spinal column defects.

question

culdocentesis

answer

fluid is removed through a needle inserted through the vagina into the cul-de-sac (culd/o). The presence of blood in the aspirated fluid can help to signal a ruptured ectopic pregnancy.

question

Fetal monitoring

answer

With the use of procedures such as ultrasonography and electrocardiography, ___ ____ can provide information about 1. fetal heart rate (FHR) 2. development 3. positioning within the uterus

question

Pelvimetry

answer

measurement of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis, helps to evaluate the mother's capacity for vaginal delivery

question

Pap (Papanicolaou) smear

answer

A diagnostic measure used to screen for cervicitis and for a number of other gynecologic problems. The test is performed by collecting cells from the cervix and vagina, during a pelvic exam, and staining and preserving the cells for microscopic study. Can help to detect cervical cancer

question

atypical squamous cells of undertermined significance

answer

ASCUS

question

Protein marker test (CA-125)

answer

tests used to measure tumor-generated proteins present in the blood

question

Dilation and curettage (D&C)

answer

widening of the uterine cervix and scraping of the endometrium of the uterus which is performed to diagnose endometrial cancer and other conditions. *This same procedure is also useful in treating some of these cancers as well.

question

ECC

answer

Endocervical curettage

question

Endometrial biopsy (EMB)

answer

helpful in pinpointing a specific diagnosis. Biopsy of endometrium

question

Colposcopy

answer

An endoscopic procedure used for cervical/vaginal biopsies using an instrument called a colposcope (a special lighted, magnifying instrument)

question

colp/o

answer

vagina

question

culdoscopy

answer

Uses a culdoscope for biopsy of a cul-de-sac

question

culd/o

answer

cul-de-sac

question

hysteroscopy

answer

uses a hysteroscope to remove either a fibroid or polyp from the uterus

question

Laparoscopy

answer

Uses a laparoscope to remove adbominal lesions or to perform a hysterectomy or biopsy the ovary

question

laparotomy

answer

an incision into the abdomen performed for exploration and diagnosis of ovarian cancer in particular

question

conization (cone biopsy)

answer

removal of a cone shaped sample of cervical tissue for further study using a loop electrocautery excision procedure (LEEP), carbon dioxide laser, or surgical knife

question

breast self-exam (BSE)

answer

The initial signs of breast cancer are usually a small, painless lump (most often located in the upper outer quadrant of the breast); thick or dimpled skin; and/or retraction of the nipple. ** Most of these signs are discovered by the woman herself during a monthly _____ _____ ___

question

mammogram

answer

radiographic image of the soft tissue of the breast

question

mammography

answer

x-ray imaging of the breast

question

biopsy of breast

answer

helps to rule out a diagnosis of breast tumor

question

full-field digital mammography

answer

mammography that is faster and displays images on a computer screen

question

staging

answer

carcinoma of the breast is classified in terms of its growth and progression through a process called ______

question

lymphatic

answer

As cancer develops, the tumor invades the surrounding breast tissue and is carried---either by ________ drainage or systemic circulation--- to other sites in the body.

question

lumpectomy

answer

tumor and immediate surrounding tissue are removed while preserving the remaining breast tissue

question

sentinel node biopsy (SNB) (SLN biopsy)

answer

determines whether the brest tumor has spread to the lymph nodes. Procedure involves injecting a blue dye or radioisotope into the site and tracking it to identify the sentinel node(s). The sentinel node(s) are removed for microscopic study to see if they are affected. If not, the procedure stops there; if they are affected, more nodes are removed to determine the extent of involvement. The surgery is then followed by radiation to the affected tissues to kill any remaining tumor cells.

question

aspiration

answer

the use of a needle to withdraw fluid from the cysts

question

myomectomy

answer

excision of fibroids

question

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

answer

both ova and sperm are combined in a glass laboratory dish (in vitro). In this procedure, if fertilization is successful, then after two or three days, the fertilized ova are injected into the woman's uterus through the cervix.

question

estrogen replacement therapy (ERT)

answer

______ ________ _____—is sometimes recommended to relieve discomforts of menopause

question

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)—

answer

Therapy to help relieve discomforts of low estrogen. Low estrogen replacement appears to contribute to cardiovascular health and to prevent the loss of bone mass that occurs with aging; however, it increases a woman's risk for stroke and thromboembolism. Estrogen is also believed to increase the risk of breast and endometrial cancer.

question

cesarean section (CS; C-section)

answer

If severe hemorrhagign occurs _____ ______ : a surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus—may be necessary to save the mother's life.

question

intrauterine device

answer

a contraceptive device that consists of a bent piece of radiopaque plastic and a monofilament tail; inserted during or just after menstruation and situated with the string of the tail left projecting a few centimeters from the cervix

question

intra-

answer

within

question

uter/o

answer

uterus

question

-ine

answer

pertaining to

question

tubal ligation

answer

cutting, burning, or tying off of the oviducts that results in sterility

question

sterility

answer

inability to reproduce

question

Hysterectomy

answer

Treatment of endrometriosis varies from pharmacologic management to surgical removal of the endometrial lesions. The surgical removal of the uterus is

question

total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH)

answer

uterus and cervix are removed through an abdominal incision

question

total vaginal hysterectomy (TVH)

answer

uterus is removed through the vagina

question

laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH)

answer

a variation of this takes place superior to or over the cervix in laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy (LSH).

question

salpingectomy

answer

resection of a fallopian tube as opposed to a total abdominal hysterectomy with a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH-BSO)

question

cervicitis

answer

can be treated by administering antibiotics

question

Cautery (cauterization)

answer

(use of heat to destroy diseased tissue) used to treat cervical erosion

question

cryosurgery (cryocauterization)

answer

freezing and excising abnormal cervical tissue with a liquid nitrogen probe

question

choriocarcinoma

answer

both chemotherapy and dilation and curettage are used to treat cancers such as ___________ of the uterus.

question

pelvic exenteration

answer

removal of all the pelvic organs when the cancer, though advanced, has not spread beyond the pelvic caviy

question

cysts

answer

____ often arise in response to hormone stimulation, many resolve spontaneously when hormone levels diminish

question

cystectomy

answer

surgical removal of a cyst

question

oophorectomy

answer

excision of one or both ovaries

question

salpingo

answer

oophorectomy; surgical removal of oviducts and ovaries

question

mastectomy

answer

surgical removal of one or both breasts

question

radical mastectomy

answer

removal of the breast, lymph nodes, and adjacent chest wall muscle if the lymph nodes are involved

question

modified radical mastectomy

answer

pectoral muscles are preserved

question

adjuvant chemotherapy

answer

treatment with chemical agents or drugs given any time the lymph nodes are involved

question

mammoplasty

answer

refers to any type of surgical repair of the breast

question

TRAM flap

answer

transrectus abdominis musculocutaneous tissue is used for the reconstruction of the breast.

question

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

answer

is the aspiration of placental tissue for the purpose of detecting congenital abnormalities

Chapter 8: Female Reproductive System – Flashcards

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