Chapter 7 SFL 333 – Flashcards
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Where/on what activities do today's teenagers spend most of their time?
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In leisure activities, often alone, at a part-time job, or "wired in" (with music, electronics...)
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What factors led to an increase in free time for contemporary adolescents?
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Compulsory school plus a lack of part-time jobs for adolescents. Also, after WWII there was increased affluence, so they didn't have to work as much.
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Define/describe productive activities. Leisure activities. On which of these do adolescents spend the least amount of time? The most?
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Productive -not sure, but the text did state that time directed by another person (teacher, parent, etc) was the opposite of leisure. Leisure - self chosen and directed time. Spend most time here
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What benefits would there be for expanding opportunities for adolescents to get involved in community service?
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better self esteem, feelings of self efficacy, learning academic and career skills, community involvement, better mental health, less problem behaviours
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How does the amount of time that American high school students spend on homework compare to the amount Japanese high school students spend on this activity?
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Americans - less than 5 hours per week Japanese - 4-5 hours per day
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How likely is it that American adolescents will spend their leisure time reading? Spend free time with friends?
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Asian adolescents spend almost 3 times as many hours each week reading for pleasure than American adolescents. American adolescents spend relatively more time playing sports and socializing with friends.
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What percentage of today's high school students will have worked in an after school job before graduating? Worked at a job sometime during a given school year?
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Between 80% and 90% of today's high school students will have worked in an after-school job before graduating. Today, about 75% of seniors and 40% of sophomores work during the school year.
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What factors contributed to the rise of the adolescent workplace in the United States?
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With the growth of the retail and service sectors of the economy, employers needed workers who were willing to work part-time for relatively low wages and for short work shifts. Many businesses looked to teenages to fill these jobs.
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How much are today's high school students working compared to in the past? About how many hours a week do they spend on school and work commitments (not including time devoted to extracurricular activities or homework)?
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High school students work a lot more than they did in the past. In 1940, only about 3% of high school students worked during the high school year. Considering that the average school day runs for about 6 hours, many working adolescents are busy with school or work commitments for close to 50 hours a week, and this doesn't count time devoted to extracurricular activities or homework.
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What characteristics of the retail and restaurant industries contributed to the rise in adolescent employment?
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Employers needed workers who were willing to work part-time for relatively low wages and for short work shifts. Many businesses looked to teenages to fill these jobs.
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How do the jobs older urban students hold compare to jobs that teenagers from rural areas hold?
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In general, older students are more likely to hold formal jobs (for example, retail or restaurant work) than are younger students, who are more likely to hold informal jobs (such as babysitting or yard work). As expected, working teenagers in rural areas are more likely to be employed in agricultural occupations than are their urban or suburban counterparts.
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Name countries in which paid youth employment during the school year is virtually nonexistent.
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France, Hungary, Russia, and Switzerland.
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Does youth employment differ between males to females?
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Boys are more likely to work in manual labor than are girls, who are more likely than boys to work in service positions.
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According to the textbook, in general, how does employment affect adolescent development?
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(Three main questions are asked in this research) Development of responsibility: traditionally the believe working builds character, responsibility and preparation for adulthood, however studies on contemporary youth show many disadvantages to working Impact on schooling: working more than 20 hours a week jeopardizes adolescents school performance Promotion of Problem behavior: recent studies have found aggressive behaviors are associated with working long hours *In general, it seems the book has found more negative effects associated with working than positive ones
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An adolescent who works in a government-sponsored apprenticeship and spends more time outside of school doing homework is most likely from which country/group of countries?
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Europe
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What are the most common after-school jobs for students in the eighth grade?
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Babysitting or yard work.
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What are the most common after-school jobs for a high school senior? What type of job are least likely to be held by an adolescent girl?
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...
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Overall, the greatest number of working high school students are employed in what types of jobs?
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Most common for older teenagers: Restaurant work (such as a counter worker in a fast-food restaurant) and retail sales work (such as a cashier in a clothing store).
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What type of job is a high school senior least likely to take?
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Newspaper route
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What did research assessing adolescent work experiences find about interaction with other adolescents on the job? Forming close relationships with adults with whom they work? Seeing their co-workers outside of work? Talking over personal problems with adults at work instead of their parents?
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Few of the teenage workers surveyed reported having formed close relationships with adults at work. They were unlikely to see their adult supervisors or coworkers outside of work, felt reluctant to go to the adults at work with personal problems, and reported feeling less close to adults at work than to other people in their lives.
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When a teen works for a fast-food restaurant, about how old is his/her supervisor most likely to be?
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In the typical fast-food restaurant, nearly all the workers are teenagers and the supervisor is usually not much older.
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Who is an adolescent fast-food worker most likely to talk to about a bad day at work?
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...
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How likely are the jobs of most adolescents' to encourage them to behave independently? To require them to make challenging decisions? To require them to use skills taught in school? To receive strict instruction from supervisors?
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Few jobs permit adolescents to behave independently or make decisions; they receive little instruction from their supervisors, and they are rarely required to use the skills they have been taught in school. With occasional exceptions, most teenagers' jobs are repetitive, monotonous, and intellectually unstimulating.
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What do teenagers say about their jobs?
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Describe their jobs in favorable terms, saying that they learned things, like the people they with whom they worked with, had the opportunities to exercise responsibility, and were satisfied with their pay
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According to research with regard to adolescent employment, how likely is it that their working will build character? Help them learn about the "real world?" Help them prepare for adult responsibilities?
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Most people believe that working builds character, teaches adolescents about the real world, and helps them prepare for adulthood, but these assumptions are not generally supported by research. Holding jobs does not make adolescents more personally responsible, either.
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How accurate are statements about the benefits of working during adolescence?
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Studies indicate that the benefits of working during adolescence have probably been overstated and that intensive employment during the school year may even negatively affect young people's development
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Can intensive employment during the school year be detrimental to adolescent development and/or to adolescents' preparation for adult work? Explain.
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Yes. "Intensive employment during the school year may even negatively affect young people's development and preparation for adult work." Ex: It doesn't help money management because most adolescents just spend their money on personal items like clothes and cars.
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Define/describe the curvilinear pattern as seen in studies that have examined how adolescents' moods change over time when with their families.
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Curvilinear Pattern: In statistical analyses, a pattern of relations between two variables that resembles a U-shaped or an inverted U-shaped curve. Typically relationships with parents are high as children, dip during pre-adolescence, and then gradually gets better throughout adolescence
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How much does the average working high school student earn per month in wages? What is he/she likely to spend the money on? Least likely?
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The average working high school senior earns around $500 per month. Most adolescent workers spend most of their earnings on personal expenses, like clothes or cars. Fewer than 10% of adolescents who work save most of their income for future education, and even fewer use their earnings to help their families with household expenses.
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Define/describe premature affluence. What is/are its effect/s?
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Premature Affluence: Having more income than one can manage maturely, especially during adolescence. Effects: They are less satisfied with their financial situations as young adults, because they had become accustomed to living in an unrealistic world, one in which they had a large amount of discretionary income and few obligations.
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For a variety of reasons, adolescents are attractive targets for businesses. Name these.
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adolescent population is huge and increasing in size - more student employment=more money - group of people least likely to save money
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What impact does working more than 20 hours/week have on school attendance? High school graduation rate? Amount of time spent on homework? Attitude toward the workplace? Attitude toward school? Grades? Taking demanding classes? Involvement in extracurricular activities? Cheating on schoolwork? Engaging in minor delinquency? School misconduct? Aggression?
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They are absent from school more often, may increase the likelihood of dropping out of school, decreases the amount of time spent on homework, enjoy school less and become less interested in school, earn slightly lower grades, take easier courses, less likely to participate in extracurricular activities, more likely to cheat in order to protect their grades, increased minor delinquency, misconduct, and aggression
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Much of adolescents' money is spent on discretionary purchases related to leisure activities. What are these purchases?
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Cars, clothing, entertainment, food
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How are non-working students affected when large numbers of students in their school are employed?
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Some teachers respond to the influx of students into the workplace by lowering classroom expectations, assigning less homework, and using class time for students to complete assignments that otherwise would be done outside of school
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What percent of teens are out of school, unemployed, and looking for full-time work? Who are these likely to be? How long do they stay unemployed?
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in 2007, 16% of all 16-19 year olds are not enrolled in school. Of those, more than half were unemployed (8%) many of these are young parents who are at home full-time and not actively seeking work. Young people who are out of school and out of work are typically unemployed for only short periods of time The majority of unemployed youth are high school dropouts
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According to research by Wayne Osgood and colleagues, the combination of several factors is the recipe for delinquency and other problem behaviors among adolescents. What are these factors? What is this view called?
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Routine activity theory: lack of structure in how time is spent, socializing with peers, lack of adult supervision
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Define/describe the aspects/factors included in so-called positive youth development.
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Basically, it is a focus on developing adolescent strengths rather than merely preventing delinquency
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What is service learning? What are its benefits? Under what circumstances are positive effects most likely to occur?
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structured education in volunteer experiences in the community - best results when there is a good relationship with supervisors, a sufficient amount of autonomy allowed, and students are psychologically engaged
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Based on the success rates of different interventions designed to combat youth unemployment, what does the textbook suggest that efforts be directed at as ways to reduce youth unemployment?
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The best thing you can do is work at keeping kids in school, at least until they've graduated high school.
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What does research suggest is/are the best way/s to combat the unemployment problem of adolescents who are not attending school?
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expanding opportunities for community service and service learning will help integrate adolescents into the community, enhance their feelings of confidence and responsibility and put them in contact with adult role models communities should improve their employment and counseling services for young people and strengthen youth organizations apprenticeship programs modeled after those found in Europe
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What is the Experience Sampling Method? How/why is it used with adolescents, as reported in your text?
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ESM is a way of collecting data over the course of the day, focusing on charting adolescents' moods, monitoring their social relationships and cataloguing their activities in great detail adolescents carry electronic pagers and when they are signaled, they report on whom they are with, what they are doing and how they are feeling
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When are adolescents usually in the "worst" mood?
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when they are alone
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Between grades 5 and 9, how do adolescents' moods while with friends change relative to their moods while with their families? What type of statistical pattern does this result in?
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adolescents' moods while with friends becomes more positive whereas their moods while with their family follow a curvilinear pattern (u shaped)-- Their moods become more negative with their family between elementary and middle school(grades 5 and 7) and then rise between middle school and high school (grades 8 and 9)
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During what type of activity is a teenager most likely to expend high levels of concentration and interest?
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Playing sports or being involved in the arts, a hobby, or an extracurricular organization. The combination of both concentration and interest is call "flow."
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What can/should be done by parents to curb minor delinquent behavior in their teen?
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Make sure they are participating in an activity where an adult is present. The ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY states that unstructured, unsupervised time with peers is the main cause of misbehavior.
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What are the most popular type of extracurricular activities? Which types of extracurricular activity are next most popular among adolescents?
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most popular: athletics next most popular: music related- band, chorus, orchestra, glee club those related to academic or occupational interests- science and language clubs
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Name/describe the three dominant theories concerning the media's impact on adolescent development today.
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1. Cultivation Theory - Adolescents are influenced by the content to which they are exposed. Media shapes adolescents interests, motives, and beliefs about the world. 2. Uses and Gratification Theory - Adolescents choose the media that they are exposed to and what they do is not because of the media they chose - instead, the media they chose is consistent with their interests, i.e. aggressive individuals choosing violent video games because they like them. 3. Media practice model - adolescents not only choose the media they are exposed to, but interpret the media in ways that shape their impact. Two people stumble on pornography. One is stimulated, one is disgusted.
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What impact can participation in extracurricular activities after school have on cross-racial friendships? On mental health?
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extracurricular activities provide greater opportunities for cross-racial friendships and black adolescents in integrated schools who participate in extracurriculars show better mental health as a result
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What is the relationship between smoking, drinking, and drug use and whether a teenager works of not?
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rates of smoking, drinking and drug use are higher among teenage workers than nonworkers, especially among those who work long hours
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Define/describe viral marketing. Why do advertisers take advantage of this type of marketing to teens?
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-a way of promoting products or services by encouraging individuals to pass information on to others -advertisers take advantage of this to expand their consumer market, it takes advantage of rapid multiplication to explode the message to thousands and even millions
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Define/describe self-care. What things should parents be sure to do when their children are in self-care? What are some likely results of adolescents in self-care compared to young people who are supervised after school by adults?
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-parents should make sure children go straight home after school, be authoritative parents, monitor children's behavior at a distance (phone calls...) -children in self-care are more socially isolated, more depressed, more likely to be involved in problem behavior, more likely to be sexually active at earlier ages, likely to use more drugs and alcohol than young people who are supervised
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How does home supervision of affluent, suburban, and White children compare with the home supervision of poor, minority, and urban and rural children?
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affluent suburban and white children and more likely to be home unsupervised poor, minority and urban and rural children are least likely to be home unsupervised
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According to a study by Caldwell and Darling presented in the textbook, research indicates spending time after school with friends is most problematic under what circumstances?
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the combination of having a lack of supervision, having friends who liked to party and use drugs, and being especially susceptible to peer pressure
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How likely are adolescents to seek out pornography Web sites on the Internet as compared to entertainment, sports and lifestyle sites?
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They are far more likely to visit entertainment websites than pornographic ones Much of the pornographic material on the Internet to which adolescents are exposed is unwanted rather than actively sought In 2005 - 1/3 of all adolescents reported receiving unwanted sexual material, although less than 10% of adolescents said that they had received material that upset them
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Name/list common messages that the media conveys about sex.
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The most common sexual messages concern men seeing women as sex objects, sex as a defining aspect of masculinity, sex as a competition, and sex as fun and exciting.
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What is an especially tremendous problem in interpreting studies of media use and adolescent development?
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It is extremely difficult to disentangle cause and effect because adolescents choose which mass media they are exposed to
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What effect does repeated exposure to media messages about sex and drugs have on adolescent attitudes and beliefs?
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There is a significant effect among White but not among Black adolescents Many studies demonstrate that repeated exposure affects adolescents' attitudes, beliefs, and intentions
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Define/describe the following theories regarding media impact and adolescents: uses and gratifications approach; cultivation theory; media practice model.
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Uses and Gratification Approach: A perspective on media use that emphasizes the active role users play in selecting the media to which they are exposed. Cultivation Theory: A perspective on media use that emphasizes the impact media exposure has on individuals. Media Practice Model: A perspective on media use that emphasizes the fact that adolescents not only choose what media they are exposed to but also interpret the media in ways that shape their impact.
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Define/describe collective efficacy.
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a community's social capital, derived from its members' common values and goals the extent to which neighbors trust each other, share common values, and count on each other to monitor the activities of youth in the community
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Which youth programs around today bear a striking resemblance to the stated goals of positive youth development programs?
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YMCA, Boys and Girls Club of America, 4-H clubs, and scouting
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Define and describe the Five C's of positive youth development.
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competence- positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas including social, academic, cognitive and vocational confidence- internal sense of positive self-worth and self-efficacy connection- positive bonds with people and institutions in which both parties contribute to the relationship character- respect for societal and cultural rules, standards for behavior, sense of morality and integrity caring compassion- sense of sympathy and empathy for others
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What are girls most likely to spend their money on?
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clothes, food, and cosmetics
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How/why has the power of the adolescent as a consumer increased?
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advertising takes advantage of the fact that adolescents are more impulsive and self-conscious than adults the segments of our economy that are devoted to leisure and recreation depend on the adolescent market including movies, music, sports, and television. teenagers make up a large portion of the consumers of these products viral marketing
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What makes a positive youth development program successful?
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One factor is the extent to which participants were placed in demanding roles, encouraged to meet high expectations, expected to take responsibility for their behavior, and helped to understand the consequences of failing to fulfill their obligations
