chapter 7 patho – Flashcards
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localization typically same origin of tissue
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benign tumors
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lack of differentiated features in a cancer cell GIANT CELL
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anaplasia; increase multiplication
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anaplastic, with abnormal cell size and shape
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malignant tumors
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growth rate is slow
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benign tumors
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rapid growth rate
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malignant
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localization / metastasis; which one is localize, encapsulated, and no metastasis? benign or malignant
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benign tumor
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which one metastases frequently
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malignant
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tumor necrosis in benign is ______ where as in malignant necrosis is ____.
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rare, common
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recurrence after treatment in benign is ______ where as in malignant recurrence is _______
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rare, common
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prognosis in benign is good unless it is in a _____area. prognosis in malignant is poor if it is _____.
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critical, untreated prognosis-the prediction of the course of a disease/illness.
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-oma is used to indicate a ______ tumor
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benign ex: tumor of glandular tissue would be called adenoma
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carcinoma and sarcoma indicate a ______ tumor
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malignant ex: tumor of glandular tissue would be adenocarcinoma
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__________ refers to malignant tumor or epithelial orgin and ______ to malignant tumor of mesenchymal (nerve,bone, muscle) orgin.
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carcinoma, sarcoma
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which 3 of the -oma suffix are exceptions to the rules?
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lymphomas, hepatomas, and melanomas leukemia which are highly malignant
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leukemia refers to a malignant growth of _____
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white blood cells
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majority of human cancer are _____from malignant transformation epithelial cells.
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carcinoms
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epidemology is the disease distribution -____ local, town -county would be _____ world wide-
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endemic, epidemic, pandemic
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what is the 2nd cause of death
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lung cancer; most death occurs over age 55
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screening for early detection of cancer; breast cancer site procedure is?
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breast self examination 20+
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_______tumors have the ability to kill the host where as ____tumors generally do not
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malignant, benign
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primary difference in malignant tumors and benign tumors is that?
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malignant tumors invade adjacent tissues and spread to distant sites metastasize
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the risk of cancer increases with age. men have a _ in _ lifetime chance of developing cancer where as woman have a _ in _ chance
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1 in 2 and 1:3
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development of cancer is related to _____particulary tobacco use and nutrition
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lifestyle
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Which is a true statement regarding metastasis? a) Increased cell-to-cell adhesion helps metastasis. b)Lack of proteases and collagenases aids in metastasis. c)Cells must first escape the basement membrane of tissue. D) Penetration of the basement membrane of the vessel occurs first.
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C For tumor cells to gain access to the blood or lymphatic circulation, they must first escape the basement membrane of the tissue of origin, move through the extracellular space, and then penetrate the basement membrane of the vessel.
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Which term is used to describe the histologic characterization of tumor cells? Staging Grading Cachexia Angiogenesis
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Grading refers to the histologic characterization of tumor cells and is basically a determination of the degree of anaplasia. Staging describes the location and pattern of spread of a tumor within the host. Cachexia is a sign of cancer and refers to overall weight loss. Angiogenesis is the process of forming new blood vessels.
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Which term is used to describe the deficiency in circulating platelets? Anemia Leukopenia Leukocytosis Thrombocytopenia
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Thrombocytopenia is a deficiency in circulation platelets, which are important mediators of blood clotting. Anemia is a deficiency of circulating red blood cells. Leukopenia is a decrease in white blood cells. Leukocytosis is an increase in circulating white blood cells.
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A patient diagnosed with cancer presents with Cushing syndrome secondary to excessive adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion. This syndrome is described as Ionizing Hypercalcemia Opportunistic infection Paraneoplastic syndrome
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Paraneoplastic syndromes are symptom complexes that cannot be explained by obvious tumor properties; they occur in 10% to 15% of patients with cancer. Many of these syndromes are associated with excessive hormone production. Ionizing is a form of cancer treatment (radiation). Hypercalcemia, an elevation of calcium ions, may occur as a result of this syndrome. Opportunistic infection is when the immune system is compromised and infections that are normally eliminated by the immune system cause infection.
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Which offers the best prognosis for the cure of cancer? Surgery Radiation Early detection Chemotherapeutic agents
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Early detection of cancer while it remains localized is associated with the best prognosis for a cure. The majority of patients with solid tumors are treated surgically, which can be curative in some localized cancers. Ionizing radiation is used for two principal reasons: to kill tumor cells that are not resectable because they are located in a vital or inaccessible area, and to kill tumor cells that may have escaped the surgeon's knife and remain undetected in the local area. Chemotherapeutic agents are not selective for tumor cells, and a certain amount of normal cell death also occurs.
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Which statement accurately describes the proliferation of cancer cells? The resting phase of the cell cycle is prolonged. Cancer cells grow at the same rate as normal cells. The number of developing cells exceeds the number of dying cells. The more anaplastic the tumor is, the slower the growth rate of cells.
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Malignant cells proliferate despite a lack of growth-initiating signals from the environment, resulting in a change in the ratio of developing cells to dying cells. The resting phase of the cell cycle is not prolonged. Cancer cells grow at more rapid rate than normal cells. The more anaplastic the tumor is, the faster the growth rate of cells.
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Which is a characteristic of cancer cells? Predictable, uniform cell division Evidence of cellular cohesiveness Uniform size and shape Poor differentiation
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Cancer cells lose their differentiated features and contribute poorly or not at all to the function of their tissue. Cancer cells divide in an unpredictable manner. Cellular cohesiveness is lacking among cancer cells. Cancer cells do not reproduce uniformly in either size or shape.
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Which of these statements best describes the purpose of the TNM classification system? It tracks the progress of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment. It provides tumor data for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It enables the physician to determine the underlying cause of the malignancy. It provides information for ongoing research efforts to develop a cure for cancer.
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The TNM classification system is used to stage cancer. The TNM staging system is used to describe the tumor size, lymph nodes affected, and degree of metastasis. Grading and staging are done to predict tumor behavior and guide therapy. The TNM classification system is used to stage cancer and has little impact on tumor data collection by the CDCP. The availability of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET), as well as other highly sophisticated imaging techniques, has revolutionized cancer detection. The TNM classification system is used to stage cancer and is not directly related to cancer research.
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In what way do proto-oncogenes become activated oncogenes? A proto-oncogene within the cell stimulates hyperplasia. Certain retroviruses enter host cells, altering their DNA structure. Excessive ATP activity causes the proto-oncogene to become abnormally active. Chromosome replication errors cause fewer copies of the proto-oncogene to be included in the genome.
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Malignant cells containing the cancer-causing retroviruses have incorporated a small number of viral genes into their cellular DNA. Hyperplasia does not activate proto-oncogenes to oncogenes. ATP activity does not activate proto-oncogenes to oncogenes. Chromosome replication errors does not activate proto-oncogenes to oncogenes.
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Which condition explains the genetic basis for cancer development? Decreased immune function Exposure to ionizing radiation Infection by oncogenic bacteria Loss of or defect in tumor suppressor genes
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Tumor suppressor genes inhibit cancer proliferation pathways. Decreased immune function and exposure to ionizing radiation may be factors but not the basis of cancer development. Infection by oncogenic bacteria is not a factor, since bacterial infection is not relevant.
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Which statement is true regarding cancer? (Select all that apply.) The greater the undifferentiated cell count, the more aggressive the cancer. Malignant tumors have the potential to kill the host. Benign tumors grow rapidly than malignant ones. Anaplasia means more differentiated cells. Metastasis means less differentiated cells.
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The greater the degree of anaplasia, the more aggressive the malignant tumor. Malignant tumors, if left untreated, have the potential to kill. Benign tumors often grow slowly than malignant ones. Anaplasia is a lack of cell differentiation. Metastasis means the invasion of cancer to distant sites.
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Which statement about oncogene activation is true? (Select all that apply.) Bacteria do not carry genetic material into the cell genome. Oncogenes may be introduced into the host cell by a retrovirus. Proto-oncogenes may undergo a mutation thus becoming overly active. DNA sequences that normally suppress proto-oncogene expression may be inactivated. An error may occur in the replication of the chromosome such that extra copies are produced.
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At least four general ways in which proto-oncogenes can be activated: oncogenes may be introduced into the host cell by a retrovirus, a proto-oncogene within the cell may suffer a mutagenic event that changes its structure and function, a DNA sequence that normally regulates proto-oncogene expression may be damaged or lost, thereby allowing the proto-oncogene to become abnormally active, or an error in chromosome replication may occur and cause extra copies to be produced, which is called amplification. Bacteria do not carry genetic material into the cell genome, but retroviruses may.
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Which retrovirus is believed to cause cancer? (Select all that apply.) tHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Human T-lymphocyte virus type I Epstein-Barr virus Parvovirus Poxvirus
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The HIV virus has been associated with Kaposi sarcoma. The human T-lymphocyte virus type I has been associated with T-cell leukemia-lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus has been associated with Burkitt lymphoma. Parvovirus results in fifth disease, a rash generally seen in children. Poxvirus is most commonly associated with diseases such as smallpox
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Which statement regarding cancer deaths is true? (Select all that apply.) It is the leading cause of death. Most deaths occur in people age 75 and older. The 5-year combined survival rate for cancer is 68%. Men have a 1 in 2 lifetime risk of developing cancer. Women have a 1 in 3 lifetime risk of developing cancer.
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The 5-year combined survival rate for cancer is 68%. Men have a 1 in 2 chance of developing cancer. Women have a 1 in 3 chance of developing cancer. Most deaths occur in individuals older than 55 years. Cancer is the second leading cause of death.
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Which statement regarding tobacco use and lung cancer is true? (Select all that apply.) tLung cancer accounts for 30% of all cancer deaths. Cancer deaths attributable to lung cancer have declined since 1930. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in men and women. The survival rate of patients with lung cancer is the lowest among all cancers. Tobacco use has been linked to cancer of the pancreas, bladder, and kidneys as well.
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Lung cancer accounts for 30% of all cancer deaths and is the leading cause of cancer deaths in men and women. The survival rate of lung cancer is the lowest for all cancers, at 15%. Tobacco use has been linked with cancer of the pancreas, bladder, kidney, mouth, esophagus, and cervix. Cancer deaths attributable to lung cancer have been the only ones to increase since 1930.
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Patients who have advanced cancer develop cachexia (wasting) because of which of the following reasons? (Select all that apply.) They have an increased basal metabolic rate. Nausea and vomiting are common complications. Cancer cells produce an enzyme that robs normal cells of nutrients. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other immune cytokines are produced. Nutritional supplementation by enteral or parenteral routes has proven to be ineffective.
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Despite the minimal nutrient intake, body metabolism remains high. Nausea and vomiting are common complications of cancer therapy and contribute to decreased nutrient intake. Anorexia, a feature of cachexia, may result from toxins released by the cancer cells. Production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other immune cytokines is thought to be important in producing the hypermetabolic state. Some patients can benefit from nutritional supplementation by enteral or parenteral routes.
