Chapter 7- LTM: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation – Flashcards
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Encoding
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the process of acquiring information and transferring it into LTM
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What are the two types of encoding?
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maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal
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Retrieval
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the process of transferring information from LTM to working memory
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Maintenance rehearsal
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no consideration of meaning or making connections with other information
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Elaborative rehearsal
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provides an example of being able to remember something by considering the meaning or making connections to other information
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Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by
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repeating it over and over
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Levels of processing theory
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early idea linking the type of encoding to retrieval
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According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is
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encoded
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The elaborative rehearsal task of learning a word by using it in a sentence is generally most effective if the generated sentence is
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complex
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Depth of processing
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distinguishes between shallow processing and deep processing
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Shallow processing
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involves little attention to meaning
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What is an example of shallow processing?
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questioning the feature of the word
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Deep processing
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involves close attention, focusing on the items meaning and relating it to something else
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What is an example of deep processing?
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asking if the word rhymes with another word
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What is an example of the deepest processing?
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fill in the blank that is in the sentence
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To measure depth and depth what can't you use?
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performance and predicted performance
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Paired-associate learning
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a list of word pairs is presented
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Self-reference effect
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memory is better if you are asked to relate the word to yourself
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Generation effect
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memory for material is better when a person generates the material him- or herself, rather than passively receiving it.
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Free recall
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participant asked to recall the stimuli with no aid (Memorization)
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Retrieval cue
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a word or other stimulus that helps a person remember information stored in memory
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What are the three factors that aid encoding?
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create connections, active creation, and organization
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Create connections
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imagery and link to self
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Active creation
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generate information and testing
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Organization
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recall by groups, present in an organized way, meaningful framework
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Bransford & Johnson (1972) did an experiment with organization about
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one group got the picture first then the passage, another group got the passage first then the picture, the control group just got the passage
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In Bransford & Johnson (1972) which group recalled more information?
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the group that was given the picture first then the passage (the reason why is the definition to organization)
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Practicing retrieval
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testing following learning results in better memory than rereading material after learning
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Encoding specificity
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states that we encode information along with its context
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Godden & Baddeley's (1975) did a study with participants who studied underwater and on land. What did he find?
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best recall occurred when encoding and retrieval occurred in the same location
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State-dependent learning
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learning that is associated with a particular internal state, such as mood or state of awareness
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What is an example that demonstrates state-dependent learning
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Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.
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Transfer-appropriate processing
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better performance when the type of processing matches in encoding and retrieval
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Consolidation
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the process that transforms new memories from the fragile state, to a more permanent state
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According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are
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short and across several days
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Synaptic consolidation
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takes place over minutes or hours, involves structural changes at synapses
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Systems consolidation
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takes place over months or even years, involves gradual reorganization of neural circuits within the brain
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Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the
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neurotransmitters
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Long-term potentiation (LTP)
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enhanced firing of neurons after repeated stimulation
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Standard model of consolidation
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retrieval depends on hippocampus during consolidation; after consolidation hippocampus is no longer needed
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Multiple trace hypothesis: Reactivation
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process in which the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with memory
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Where does memory occur in the brain?
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medial temporal lobe; hippocampus, and perirhinal cortex
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What can you do to force consolidation?
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sleep
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Retrograde amnesia
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loss of memory before the injury
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Anterograde amnesia
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loss of memory after the injury
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Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia; e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit; reflect
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a failure of memory consolidation
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Graded amnesia
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amnesia tends to be most server for events that happened just before the injury and to become less severe for earlier events
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Multiple trace model of consolidation
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the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of episodic memories, even if they originated long ago
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Reconsolidation
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process of consolidating the information that is at the fragile state
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Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on
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reconsolidation for people who are suffering from this condition
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Spacing effect
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memory is better when studying at short periods of time verses long periods of time
