Chapter 5 Toddlerhood – Flashcards
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__________ is a condition specific to toddlerhood in which protein deficiencies lead to varied symptoms such as swolled bellies and feet, hair loss, and lack of energy
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Kwashiorkor
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What most distinguishes early brain development in toddlerhood is _____________.
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the steep increase in the density of synaptic connections among neurons
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Which statement best represents sleep during toddlerhood?
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sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures.
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Last week your neighbors told you their 18-month-old son has been sleeping through the night for the past two months. They were very happy about this new development and were looking forward to many more months of a good night's sleep. This week, however, they say their son has started waking up at night and has been pretty fussy during the day. What is the likely reason for this waking and fussing?
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His molars are coming in, and he is teething.
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Garret is approaching toddlerhood. During the next year he should be able to __________.
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Hold a cup and scribble with crayons
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Which of the following variables has been shown to be correlated with the timing of toilet training in the United States?
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Education level of the parents
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In Western cultures ___________.
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A sign of being ready to begin toilet training is when the child can stay "dry" for an hour or two during the day.
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You have been trying to toilet train your son, but you are not having much luck. Based on the research, whats is most likely to be holding up the process?
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some children simply take months or potentially years to become fully toilet trained.
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You are interested in weaning your toddler. Why is it more of a challenge to wean a toddler than an infant?
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The toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behavior.
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Nandranie is a toddler from a traditional culture; she would likely ___________.
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Experienced some customary practice for being weaned.
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Compared to 2-year-olds, how many hours a day more do neonates sleep?
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4 or 5
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The growth rate for infants in developing and developed countries is very similar. Why?
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Infants from both developed& developing countries consume breast milk
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Your daughter is approaching toddlerhood. During the next year she should be able to ______
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Hold a cup and scribble with crayons
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Your father is an avid soccer fan and is hoping that his granddaughter will grow up to be a gifted soccer player. However, at age 14 months, she is still not making much progress in learning to walk. What would you tell your father?
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There is considerable variation when children begin walking, and it has nothing to do with later development of athletic ability.
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How does weaning first transpire in most cultures?
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Gently and gradually
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If you were going to have an electroencephalogram, what part of the body would be examined?
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Brain
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The peak of ______ comes at the end of toddlerhood, right around the third birthday.
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synaptic density
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What is true regarding the human brain at age 2 when compared to the brain at birth?
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There are 50% fewer neurons at age 2
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You have tried to get your 18-month-old interested in kicking a small soccer ball, but he has not been able to kick it. This surprises you because you come from a family that is very athletic. After reading about toddlers' motor development at this age, you finally realize ______.
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He is actually too young to be expected to kick a ball
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A toddler produces how many new synapses in the frontal cortex per second?
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2 million
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You are interested in toilet training your toddler. When will you know that she is ready?
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When she is able to express that she needs to use the toilet through looks or words
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How many hours does the average toddler sleep a day by his or her second birthday?
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12 - 13
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By their third birthday, what percentage of toddlers in the United States is toilet trained?
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60%
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At what age do children typically begin to walk without support?
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11 months
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Shareef's parents bught him a high chair and he intentionally tipped over his water in the tray over and over again. According to Piaget, Shareef is at the _______ stage
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Tertiary circular reactions
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Eighteen-month-old Omar saw his father stirring a pot on the stove and the next day, picks up his toy bowl and spoon and begins "stirring" an imaginary substance. This is an example of ___________.
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Deferred imitation
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When children generally avoid making the A-not-B error, they __________.
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Sorting objects into categories
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According to Vygotsky, __________ is required for cognitive development.
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Social interaction
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According to Vygotsky, children learn best if the instruction they are provided is _________.
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within the zone of proximal development.
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When it comes to learning what we consider language, the most significant difference between apes and humans is ___________.
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the inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways
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Nona was in a serious car accident and suffered damage to her Broca's area. Which of the following is likely to result?
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She will have difficulty producing speech
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Which is an example of overextension?
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A child calling all men "Dada."
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Joquain was thirsty, so he looked at his mother and pointed the glass on the counter and said, "juice." This is an example of _________.
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a holophrase
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Research has shown that ____________.
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Direct stimulation of language development is discouraged in some cultures.
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Vygotsky argued that cognitive development was very strongly dependent on ______.
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social and cultural processes
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The area of the left frontal lobe that is specialized for speech production is ______ area.
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Broca's
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Homo sapiens have a clear evolutionary advantage over other animals in that Homo sapiens ______.
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can use language
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What are two concepts that are related to Vygotsky's cognitive developmental theory?
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zone of proximal development and scaffolding
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According to Piaget, toddlers intentionally try new behaviors to determine what the effects will be. What stage is this?
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Tertiary circular reactions
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Compared to high- and middle-income families, studies show that low-income parents talk to their children using ______.
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Fewer words per minute
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Deferred imitation is the ability to ______.
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repeat actions observed at an earlier time
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Your neighbor's 22-month-old son says the word "No!" fairly emphatically and quite a lot. Your neighbors were concerned that he might have oppositional-defiant disorder. Considering all that you know about toddler development, what do you think is actually happening?
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He says "No!" a lot because it reflects his budding sense of self.
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Your niece loves dogs. You have a cocker spaniel named "Zuma." Your niece readily learned Zuma's name, but now calls all dogs "Zuma." Your niece's behavior is an example of ______.
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overextension
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During a car crash, a 14-year-old boy's head was slammed into the back window. There is no permanent damage, but he had some difficulty speaking the day of, and the day after, the collision. What brain structure was affected?
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Broca's area
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You are watching your 14-month-old nephew. He is saying things like "outside!" when he means, "It is very sunny outside and I would like to go outside for a walk. Let's go!" Your brother is concerned that your nephew has a brain impairment. You do not agree. You suspect your nephew is ______.
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using holophrases, which is developmentally appropriate
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What are the two most notable words that toddlers between the ages of 18 and 24 months have learned and use?
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"no" and "gone"
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What was Piaget's fifth sensorimotor stage?
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Tertiary circular reactions
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At age 2, toddlers generally have a vocabulary of about how many words?
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200
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Humans are innately prepared to learn a language, but not for learning a specific language. The language that is learned depends on ______.
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the social and cultural environment
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According to your text, which of the following is a crucial milestone in cognitive development and the basis for human language?
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mental representation
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How many sensorimotor stages are there in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
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4
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Frederick II wanted to know what language babies would speak spontaneously. Therefore, he instructed caregivers not to speak to neonates in orphanages. What did he find?
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All of the infants died. The infants needed language for social development.
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What is underextension?
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Applying a general word to a specific object
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Humans can communicate about what is observable in the present, and about an infinite range of things beyond the present moment. How?
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with language
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Vygotsky claimed that children learn best if the instruction they are provided with is ______.
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within the zone of proximal development
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An individual had a stroke and is now unable to use or understand language. Which area of the brain do you suspect has been affected by the stroke?
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left hemisphere
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What brain area located in the left temporal lobe is specialized for language comprehension?
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Wernickes area
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What is the most important and distinctive feature of the human language that chimpanzees lack?
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Infinite generativity
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Approximately how many different languages are currently used in the world?
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60,000
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You are teaching your daughter how to dress herself. You first dressed her indicating what you were doing and why, then you had her help as you dressed her, and lastly you allowed her to dress herself as you watched and helped if needed. What concept were you using?
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scaffolding
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Approximately 200,000 years ago Homo sapiens had a vocal apparatus not significantly different from ______.
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modern humans
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Toddlers begin to combine spoken words into two-word phrases for the first time around 24 months. This type of speech is referred to as ______.
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telegraphic speech
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How many words are in the vocabulary of an average 18-month-old?
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50
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Which of the following is a sociomoral emotion?
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Guilt
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S. was playing in a group of children and showed pride in his ability to fit the right shape piece into the container. This display of pride would most likely be discouraged by parents in __________.
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China
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Researchers secretly dabbed a red spot on the nose of babies of different ages and then placed them in front of a mirror. They were testing ___________.
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self-recognition
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Gender identity ______________.
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refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male or female.
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Which of the following statements about gender is TRUE?
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Gender development has biological basis, as well as an environmental basis
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Which of the following was NOT one of the research methods used in the NICHD study?
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neurological exams
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Which of the following factors was related to insecure attachment in the toddlers in the NICHD study?
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low-quality non-maternal care, greater than 10 hours a week in non-maternal care, low sensitivity in maternal care. (all of the above)
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Secure attachment is characterized by ___________?
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A willingness of the child to use the caregiver as a secure base to explore the environment
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Which of the following best describes Morton, a toddler who is considered securely attached based on the strange situation test?
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A. The toddler usually cries upon separation, but when the mother returns he greets her happily and begins to smile.
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In elementary and secondary school Brice showed problems, such as hostility and cognitive deficits. Later on, in college, he was diagnosed with various types of psychopathology. Based on the research he most likely had a __________ attachment classification.
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disorganized-disoriented
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When it comes to attachment ___________.
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children develop an internal working model of what to expect about their mother's availability and supportiveness in times of need based on how sensitive and responsive she was over the first year of life
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In traditional cultures such as Uganda, __________ can be a major event in the lives of toddlers and it may have an influence on the security of attachment.
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weaning
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Josh is a toddler who lives in New Zealand. His father would most likely be observed in which of the following activities with him?
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playing with him
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During toddlerhood ________.
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those who know each other well usually engage in solitary play rather than other forms of play
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Research on sibling relationships during the toddler years has found that _________.
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toddlers' attachments to their siblings tend to be secondary attachments rather than primary attachments.
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Marcelle was diagnosed with autism at the age of 3. Which behavior would you be most likely to see if you observed him in his day care classroom?
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a preoccupation with repetitive movements
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Research has show that __________.
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in the united states it is rare to have a TV in a young child's room
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_______ is a potentially fatal condition specific to toddlerhood in which protein deficiency leads to varies symptoms such as swollen bellies, thinning hair, and lethargy.
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kwashiorkor
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during toddlerhood, _________.
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sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures
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In the west, _________.
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a sign of being ready to begin toilet training is when the child can stay dry for an hour or two during the day.
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toddlers __________
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in traditional cultures are equal to toddlers from western cultures in the development of their gross motor skills
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a toddler from a traditional culture would likely _______.
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experience some customary practice for being weaned
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when children generally avoid making the a-not-b error, they
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have attained object permanence
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according to vygotsky, ___________ is required for cognitive development
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social interaction
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when it comes to learning language, the most significant difference between apes and humans is ________
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the inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways
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when children can identify themselves and others as either male or female, they have developed _______.
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gender identity
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which is an example of overextension?
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a child calling all dogs "spot"
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Research on language development has show that ________
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social class status is correlated with how much parents speak to their children
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which emotion doesn't appear until toddlerhood?
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pride
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the capacity of toddlers to think about themselves as they would about other people and objects is ________.
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self-reflection
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which of the following best characterizes insecure-resistant attachment?
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insecure-resistant attachment is the most common classification in all cultures because many children find the strange situation to be very stressful.
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research on media has shown that _______.
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in the united states, it is rare to have a tv in a young child's bedroom.
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which of the following best describes attachment across cultures?
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in all cultures, infants and toddlers develop attachments to the people around them who provide loving, protective care.
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research has shown that a child with a(n) ______ attachment is most likely to have later problems as hostility, psychopathology, and cognitive deficits
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disorganized-disoriented
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during toddlerhood, ____________.
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friendships are based on companionship, mutual affection, and emotional closeness
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in developed countries, fathers would most likely be observed in which of the following activities with their infants or toddlers?
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playing
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Which behavior would be most characteristic of a child who has been diagnosed with autism?
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preoccupation with repetitive movements
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In the Strange Situation, what point did Ainsworth believe was the best indicator of the quality of the attachment that occurred?
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when the mother returned and the reunion behavior could be assessed.
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Learning to stay close to familiar persons, evolutionarily speaking, helps infants to ______.
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be protected and safe
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Spitz used the term anaclitic depression to describe babies who seem listless and passive. This was because the infants were depressed as a function of ______.
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having no one to help them or to "lean upon"
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What term refers to the cultural categories of male and female?
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gender
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Learning to regulate their ______ emotions helps toddlers develop their sociomoral emotions.
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primary
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What is defined as an internalized set of moral standards that guide toddlers' emotions and behaviors?
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conscience
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What is self-reflection?
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capacity to think about one's self as one would think about other persons or objects
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Your sister has a child who seems to have a disorganized-disoriented attachment with her. She feels horribly about this situation and is not sure how it happened. What should you tell her?
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This attachment style is most likely due to difficulties in neurological development and has nothing to do with her caregiving skills.
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Your brother just had a second child. Your nephew, who is the older of the two, used to be very sociable, engaging, and cooperative. He is now very whiny, demanding, and disobedient. Your brother is getting very frustrated and is not sure what to do. After careful consideration you believe that your older nephew ______.
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has an attachment that changed from secure to insecure
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A child in your brother's classroom is extremely aggressive and can be very hostile. There are many potential reasons for this type of behavior, but according to Ainsworth, what could be the difficulty?
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the child has a disorganzied-disoriented attachment
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Parents begin to convey and enforce rules that require emotional self-regulation when their children become toddlers. This is an example of using ______ to extend toddlers' capacities for emotional self-regulation.
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external requirements
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At what age do most toddlers develop the internalized set of moral standards that guide their emotions and behavior?
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24 months
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According to Ainsworth's research, what attachment style was the most common?
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secure
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What is the ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person's distress?
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empathy
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According to Ainsworth's early research, how many toddlers overall were securely attached?
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2/3
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New emotions that toddlers show-such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride-are examples of ______ emotions.
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secondary
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Generally, how do toddlers react to the birth of a younger sibling?
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negatively
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At what age does stranger anxiety first appear?
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6 months
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At what age do most toddlers develop the internalized set of moral standards that guide their emotions and behavior?
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24 months
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Your toddler and his friend are side by side, playing with toy cars. But they are not interacting with each other. What type of play are they engaged in?
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parallel play
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Your sister just had her second child. Your oldest niece, age 4, has become aggressive toward her little sister and is considerably more whiny, demanding, and disobedient. Your sister should ______.
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explain the feelings and needs of the baby to her
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During self-feeding children show a definite handedness preference. At what age does this occur for most children?
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18 months
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During self-feeding children show a definite handedness preference. At what age does this occur for most children?
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telegraphic speech
