Chapter 5 – Research Literacy and Massage Therapy – Flashcards
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What are some of the reasons clients seek out massage therapy?
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relaxation and stress reduction after injury or surgery to decrease pain and discomforts of cancer treatments combat depression and anxiety deal with past physical and emotional trauma to gain body awareness
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Research suggests that massage works in what ways?
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it can assist in managing depression and stress improve joint range of motion can improve infant birth weight
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How do we acquire new knowledge and understanding so that we can tell how massage effects treatments?
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Research
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What is research literacy?
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the ability to locate, read, understand, and evaluate research literacy
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Locating research depends on our ability to do what?
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use information technology, such as online tools, to retrieve studies
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What does reading and understanding research mean?
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that we have a working knowledge of terms we will encounter and a basic understanding of science and the scientific method
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What does evaluating research depend upon?
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our understanding of the methods used to conduct the study to determine if their findings are trustworthy
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What is a step beyond research literacy?
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to incorporate information from reliable studies into your massage practice and to communicate research findings to others
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Between researchers, massage therapists, and clients what serves to increase our body of knowledge?
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the Feedback Cycle
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Why has massage therapy existed for thousands of years?
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because clients saw results
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Research
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a systematic investigation using prescribed methods to discover new facts or revise current theories
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What is the Hawthorne effect?
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the tendency of research participants to work harder and perform better because they know they are part of an experiment participants may change their behavior because of the attention they are receiving from researchers rather than because of manipulation of independent variables
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What is an important part of developing a study?
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doing preliminary work to test your procedures, techniques, and equipment
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What does post hoc mean?
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that correlation does not imply causation comes from a Latin phrase meaning "after this, therefore because of this"
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Peer review
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the evaluation by a group of experts in the same or similar field
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During a peer review, what do experts do?
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scrutinize the quality of the research and examine all aspects of the study, including the design, execution, results, and conclusions and attempt to form an impartial opinion as to its quality
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Becoming an informed consumer of massage research will enable you to do what?
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determine which studies are flawed and which ones provide new knowledge that you should incorporate into your practice
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One simple flaw in the experimental design can do what to a study?
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ruin it and render the conclusions worthless
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Scientific method
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a group of principles and procedures used to investigate observations, and pursue knowledge it is based on measurable evidence
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Evidence
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information that suggests something is true or not true
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How is empirical evidence obtained?
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by observation and experimentation
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What are the 5 basic steps of research based on the scientific method and procedures?
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formulate a question develop a hypothesis design and conduct an experiment to test hypothesis collect and analyze data draw conclusions
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What does the scientific method provide?
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an objective, standardized approach to conducting experiments, which seeks to produce results that are accurate, reliable, and valid
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Accuracy
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trustworthiness of a measurement system indicates how close our result is to the actual value of what we are measuring
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Reliability
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indicates that we would get the same results if we repeated the experiment the consistency of the experiment
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Validity
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the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure the significance or value of research findings
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Bias
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our tendency toward a preference or outcome our prejudices
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What are blinded research studies?
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certain aspects of the experiment are kept from the participants or the researchers such as who is getting the treatment being studied
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What are double-blinded research studies?
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when neither the participant or the researcher knows who is getting the treatment being studied
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hypothesis
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the proposed expected outcome of an experiment based on the current knowledge in the research area must be testable must be specific and stated in a way that research can be designed to support or refute it
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literature review
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reviewing previous experiments and studies published in peer-reviewed scholarly journals
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experiment
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the plan used to test the hypothesis
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experimental or research design
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is the written plan that describes how the experiment will be conducted
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methods
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the precise steps used to conduct the experiment and are based on scientific method also called protocols or procedures
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sample
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a small group of people which represents a segment of the whole population
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treatment group
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receives the treatment or intervention you are studying
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control group
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does not receive the treatment or intervention you are studying or receives comparison treatment
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What types of comparison treatments are there?
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sham alternative
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sham treatment
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a fake treatment or placebo that mimics the experimental treatment
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alternative treatment
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a treatment different from the one you are studying used to compare results or costs of different treatments for the same condition
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variable
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anything that can be changed in an experiment that might influence the outcome
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independent variable
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what the researcher manipulates or controls during the experiment
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dependent variable
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also called outcome variables variables that are measured and studied to help answer the research question expected to change due to the treatment or intervention if it is effective
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extraneous variables
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factors that can have a negative effect on the research results if they are not adequately controlled
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confounding variables
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extraneous variables that change in relation to the independent variable
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conceptual definitions
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clarify what you are measuring
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operational definitions
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describe exactly how the variable is measured
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delimitations
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choices made by the researcher in how the study was conducted the reasons for making these choices should be explained and how they influence how the results of our study can be applied
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limitations
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factors that you cannot control and might affect your results
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statistically significant
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means that it is likely that any differences found were because of the treatment or intervention and not from chance or coincidence if results are this, there is a relationship between the two variables; it does not mean that the treatment or intervention was proven effective
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statistically insignificant
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mean that the study in question produced no observable relationship between the variables or that whatever small difference there was can be accounted for by chance
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clinical significance
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the practical importance of statistical significance to clinical practice
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placebo effect
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an effect produced by a fake drug or treatment if the participants believe a treatment or a drug will be beneficial
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Does research "prove" anything?
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no, it is an effort to get as close to the "truth" as possible as we learn more, we get closer, and we find new ways to investigate, allowing us to learn more
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periodicals
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newspapers, magazines, journals published and released at regular intervals purpose to provide general information, promote a viewpoint, act as a vehicle for advertisers reviewed by editor for grammatical errors newspapers, pop mags are written for nonproffessionals
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trade journals
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written for professionals; professional journals purpose to inform a profession about industry trends, new techniques or products, or news within an organization examples, Massage Therapy Journal, Massage and Bodywork Magazine, Massage Magazine
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scientific journals
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original research with annotated bibliographies purpose to promote scientific knowledge by publishing and distributing new research in specific disciplines and subdisciplines examples, International Journal of Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork, Journal of Movement and Bodywork Therapies, Manual Therapy, Archives of Internal Medicine
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abstract
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summary of a published article states briefly the purpose, methods, results, and conclusions of the experiment in 100-250 words
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basic research or pure research
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a type of research that serves to increase our scientific knowledge base and broadens and deepens our understanding of phenomena and behavior
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clinical or applied research
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a type of research that takes knowledge accumulated from basic research and designs experiments to investigate how this knowledge might apply to practical problems or clinical situations
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quantitative research
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explains phenomena by collecting and analyzing numeric data and the study results can be validated statistically the focus of this type of research is concise
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qualitative research
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explains phenomena by collecting and analyzing non-numeric data, such as words or pictures methods used in this type of research include interviews and observations of participant behavior and it is subjective and narrative based
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analytical research
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this type of research seeks to establish why or how a phenomena occurred and helps determine cause and effect it is used in historical and philosophic studies
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descriptive research
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this type of research seeks to describe what happened or characteristics of the phenomena studied and is any investigation where researchers have no control over variables
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What is evidence-based practice?
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making clinical decisions by integrating: best and most current evidence, with your clinical expertise, and your client's needs and preferences
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What is the goal of evidence-based practice?
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to make informed decisions about client care and client case management
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What is clinical reasoning?
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the process of applying knowledge and expertise to clinical situations it is the foundation of treatment planning
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What are the six steps of evidence-based practice?
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Gather - Collect Evaluate Integrate Apply Evaluate
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What is knowledge that is gained from basic/pure research used for?
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to develop questions used for clinical research studies
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What is included in step 1 of evidence-based practice?
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GATHER - client information and identify your client's need for treatment
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What is included in step 2 of evidence-based practice?
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COLLECT - scientific evidence from research studies that relate to your clinical situation
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What is included in step 3 of evidence-based practice?
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EVALUATE - the quality of evidence
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What is included in step 4 of evidence-based practice?
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INTEGRATE - the evidence with your own expertise and your client's needs and formulate a treatment plan
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What is included in step 5 of evidence-based practice?
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APPLY - the treatment or intervention
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What is included in step 6 of evidence-based practice?
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EVALUATE - treatment effectiveness and revise if needed
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What is the hierarchy of evidence?
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a system to rank the strength of research according to its possibility of bias
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What purpose does the hierarchy of evidence serve?
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it helps us determine the quality of the information coming from different sources
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What are the five levels of the hierarchy of evidence?
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RCT's - Randomized Controlled Trial Cohort Study Case-control Study Case Report or Case Series Expert Opinion
