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____ 1. Cognitive psychologists define learning as a ___________ change that may or may not be associated with a ___________ change.

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mental:behavioral

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____ 2. Ivan Pavlov is best known for his research in

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classical conditioning.

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____ 3. __________________ is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

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Generalization

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____ 4. Watson conditioned fear in Little Albert by presenting a white rat with the loud clanging sound. __________ was the CS, and __________ was the US.

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The rat: the loud sound

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____ 5. Behavior therapists prefer systematic desensitization over flooding as a behavior therapy to reduce fears because

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the process of relaxation and gradual exposure to varied forms of the feared stimuli is more pleasant.

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____ 6. In operant conditioning an organism learns to respond because

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of the consequences of the behavior.

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____ 7. According to operant conditioning, what is a slot machine an example of?

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variable ratio schedule.

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____ 8. Who developed programmed learning?

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Skinner

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____ 9. E. C. Tolman's work on latent learning demonstrated that

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rats can learn a maze in the absence of reinforcement.

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____ 10. The contingency theory suggests that the learning in classical conditioning occurs because the CS is ___________ the US.

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predictive of

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____ 11. Bandura's research suggests that we can learn

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through observational learning.

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____ 12. Observational learning research suggests that media violence provides viewers with aggressive ______, or ideas about how to behave in situations that are similar to those they have observed.

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scripts

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____ 13. Research shows that playing violent video games is associated with

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increases in aggressive thoughts and behavior in the laboratory. a history of juvenile delinquency. a greater likelihood of males acting aggressively after playing the games. all of these

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____ 14. According to behaviorists, __________ is any relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior that occurs because of experience.

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learning

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____ 15. Ivan Pavlov was originally attempting to identify __________.

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neural receptors in the mouths of dogs

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____ 16. According to the __________ perspective, an organism learns the association between two stimuli because they are paired together, not because the organism knows that one stimulus will follow another.

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behaviorist

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____ 17. The behavioral view of classical conditioning focuses on simple _________ of stimuli, while the cognitive view adds ________ representations of the environment.

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pairing: mental

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____ 18. What is a conditioned response?

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A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

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____ 19. What usually takes only one trial to condition successfully?

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taste aversion

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____ 20. The term extinction can be a bit misleading because

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we see spontaneous recovery of CRs.

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____ 21. After the bell became an effective CS, Pavlov then paired it with a light. Eventually, the light was able to elicit the response of salivation. What is this an example of?

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higher-order conditioning y

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____ 22. Pairing a pleasant stimulus with a fear-evoking object or situation describes

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counterconditioning.

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____ 23. Which of the following best illustrates operant conditioning according to Skinner?

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. A dolphin is given a fish every time it jumps through a hoop.

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____ 24. In operant conditioning, the manner in which the first reinforced response is made can

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be prompted verbally. happen by chance. be done while receiving physical guidance. all of these

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____ 25. Any stimulus that, when removed, increases the likelihood that a behavior will continue is called a(n)

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negative reinforcer. .

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____ 26. Food, water, and warmth are examples of __________ reinforcers.

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primary

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____ 27. Punishment is an aversive event that _________ the frequency of the behavior it follows.

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decreases

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____ 28. A variable interval schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after

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varying spans of time.

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____ 29. Breaking complex behaviors down into smaller steps, and reinforcing those steps sequentially as they are completed describes the principle of

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shaping.

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____ 30. People and lower animals have learned to control autonomic responses in order to attain reinforcement with the use of

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biofeedback training.

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____ 31. Adults frequently reinforce undesirable behavior in children by ___________ them.

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punishing and attending to

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____ 32. Media violence could __________ the expression of aggressive behavior, especially when __________.

answer

disinhibit: the media aggressor was rewarded

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