question

The most abundant cells of the epidermis.

answer

Keratinocytes

question

The protein found in the epidermis that is responsible for toughening the skin.

answer

Keratin

question

Cells plus a disc-like sensory nerve ending that functions as a sensory receptor for touch.

answer

Merkel disc

question

Skin macrophages that help activate the immune system.

answer

Epidermal dendritic cells (Langerhan's cells)

question

Cell remnants of the stratum corneum.

answer

Cornified keratinocytes

question

The layer of the epidermis where the cells are considered protective but nonviable.

answer

Stratum corneum

question

The glands that serve an important function in thermoregulation.

answer

Sudoriferous glands

question

The layer that contains the mitotic viable cells of the epidermis.

answer

Stratum basale

question

Hair that lacks pigment and is often called "immature hair."

answer

Vellus

question

May indicate embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy.

answer

Erythemia

question

May indicate fear, anger, anemia, or low blood pressure.

answer

Pallor

question

Usually indicates a liver disorder.

answer

Jaundice

question

Appearance of a permanent tan; bronzing.

answer

Addison's disease

question

A bluish color in light-skinned individuals.

answer

Cyanosis

question

T/F The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation.

answer

True

question

T/F Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called epidermal ridges.

answer

False

question

T/F The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the dermis.

answer

True

question

T/F The outermost sheath of a hair follicle is the connective tissue root sheath.

answer

True

question

T/F The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen.

answer

False, its keratin

question

T/F Destruction of the matrix of the hair bulb would result in its inability to produce oil.

answer

False

question

T/F The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis.

answer

False

question

During the resting phase of hair growth, the matrix is inactive and the follicle atrophies.

answer

True

question

The most dangerous skin cancer is cancer of the melanocytes.

answer

True

question

The dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers.

answer

True

question

The hypodermis is composed of adipose and dense connective tissue.

answer

False

question

Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes.

answer

True

question

T/F The pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis.

answer

True

question

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer. A) Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant. B) Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum. C) Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant. D) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.

answer

D) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.

question

________ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves the skin scarred and gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires. A) Porphyria B) Decubitus ulcer C) Impetigo D) Rosacea

answer

A) Porphyria

question

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order? A) basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum B) basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum C) granulosum, basale, spinosum, corneum D) corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

answer

D) corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

question

The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________. A) medulla B) cortex C) external root sheath D) cuticle

answer

C) external root sheath

question

Acne is a disorder associated with ________. A) sweat glands B) sebaceous glands C) Meibomian glands D) ceruminous glands

answer

B) sebaceous glands

question

The dermis ________. A) is an avascular connective tissue layer B) has two layers C) lacks sensory corpuscles and glands D) is where melanocytes are found

answer

B) has two layers

question

Which muscles attached to the hair follicles cause goose bumps? A) arrector integument B) arrector pili C) levator folliculi D) arrector folliculi

answer

B) arrector pili

question

If a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged?

answer

C) lucidum

question

Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure?

answer

A) Meissner's corpuscles

question

Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch? A) Pacinian corpuscle B) Meissner's corpuscle C) Ruffini body D) free nerve ending

answer

B) Meissner's corpuscle

question

Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does? A) Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts. B) Perfectly round hair shafts result in wavy hair. C) Air bubbles in the hair shaft cause straight hair. D) Gray hair is the result of hormonal action altering the chemical composition of melanin.

answer

A) Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.

question

Sudoriferous glands vary in distribution over the surface of the body. Which of the following is correct? A) Eccrine are the most numerous, being found primarily in the axillary regions. B) Apocrine glands are larger than eccrine, and empty secretions directly to the surface of the skin. C) Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects. D) Mammary glands are not considered a modified sweat gland.

answer

C) Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects.

question

Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include ________. A) the dermis providing the major mechanical barrier to chemicals, water, and other external substances B) resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system C) cooling the body by increasing the action of sebaceous glands during high-temperature conditions D) epidermal blood vessels serving as a blood reservoir

answer

B) resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system

question

The function of the root hair plexus is to ________. A) serve as a source for new epidermal cells for hair growth after the resting stage has passed B) bind the hair root to the dermis C) cause apocrine gland secretion into the hair follicle D) allow the hair to assist in touch sensation

answer

D) allow the hair to assist in touch sensation

question

Vernix caseosa is a ________. A) substance contributing to acne during adolescence B) whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands C) coat of fine, downy hair on the heads of balding men D) cheesy-looking sudoriferous secretion on the skin of newborns

answer

B) whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands

question

The ________ gland is a modified sudoriferous gland that secretes wax. A) eccrine B) apocrine C) ceruminous D) mammary

answer

C) ceruminous

question

Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ________. A) absorbing materials applied to the surface layer of the skin B) utilizing the products of merocrine glands to nourish the epidermis C) filtration D) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis

answer

D) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis

question

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________. A) it is located just below the epidermis and protects the dermis from shock B) it has no delicate nerve endings and can therefore absorb more shock C) the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber D) the cells that make up the hypodermis secrete a protective mucus

answer

C) the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber

question

Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize? A) Melanoma B) Squamous cell carcinoma C) Basal cell carcinoma D) Adenoma

answer

B) Squamous cell carcinoma

question

Keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because they ________. A) produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties B) are able to transform from living cells to plasma membranes and still function C) are able to reproduce sporadically as needed D) are a powerful defense against damaging UV rays

answer

A) produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties

question

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________. A) provide the melanocyte with a protective shield against abrasion B) accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer C) maintain the appropriate pH in order for the melanocyte to synthesize melanin granules D) maintain the appropriate temperature so the product of the melanocyte will not denature

answer

B) accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer

question

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement? A) stratum corneum B) stratum granulosum C) stratum basale D) stratum lucidum

answer

C) stratum basale

question

The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function? A) cells found in the stratum spinosum B) macrophages called epidermal dendritic cells C) keratinocytes, because they are so versatile D) tactile cells

answer

B) macrophages called epidermal dendritic cells

question

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin? A) Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces. B) The size and shape of the cells that make up the stratum spinosum, as well as the thick bundles of intermediate filaments. C) The dermis is the thickest portion of the skin and water cannot pass through it. D) Fat associated with skin prevents water loss.

answer

A) Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces.

question

The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis? A) goblet cells, parietal cells, and Kupffer cells B) monocytes, reticulocytes, and osteocytes C) fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells D) osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and epithelial cells

answer

C) fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

question

The dermis has two major layers; which of the following constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin? A) the reticular layer B) the subcutaneous layer C) the hypodermal layer D) the papillary layer

answer

A) the reticular layer

question

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn? A) The pain is acute due to the large number of Meissner's corpuscles. B) The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis. C) The blood vessels in the dermis rupture and the blood passes through the tissue, causing "black-and-blue marks." D) The stretching causes the tension lines to disappear.

answer

B) The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.

question

The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called: A) dermal papillae. B) hair follicles. C) ceruminous glands. D) reticular papillae.

answer

A) dermal papillae.

question

The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges? A) Every human being has the same pattern of ridges. B) They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person. C) Because we are constantly shedding epithelial cells, these ridges are changing daily. D) Identical twins do not have the same pattern of ridges.

answer

B) They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.

question

Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage? A) The skin is protected by the synthesis of three pigments that contribute to the skin's color. B) Carotene, which accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermal adipose tissue, is synthesized in large amounts in the presence of sunlight. C) The skin is protected by increasing the number of epidermal dendritic cells, which help to activate the immune system. D) Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.

answer

D) Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.

question

Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease? A) The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance. B) Black-and-blue marks become evident for no apparent cause. C) The skin appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint. D) It is impossible to suggest Addison's disease from an inspection of a person's skin.

answer

A) The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance.

question

An epidermal dendritic cell is a specialized ________. A) squamous epithelial cell B) phagocytic cell C) nerve cell D) melanocyte

answer

B) phagocytic cell

question

What are the most important factors influencing hair growth? A) sex and hormones B) age and glandular products C) the size and number of hair follicles D) nutrition and hormones

answer

D) nutrition and hormones

question

Which of the following statements best describes what fingernails actually are? A) Fingernails are a modification of the epidermis. B) Fingernails are derived from osseous tissue. C) Fingernails are extensions of the carpal bones. D) Fingernails are a separate tissue from the skin, formed from a different embryonic layer.

answer

A) Fingernails are a modification of the epidermis.

question

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands? A) sebaceous and merocrine B) mammary and ceruminous C) eccrine and apocrine D) holocrine and mammary

answer

C) eccrine and apocrine

question

The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________. A) primarily uric acid B) 99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C C) fatty substances, proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins D) metabolic wastes

answer

B) 99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C

question

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body? A) in all body regions and buried deep in the dermis B) beneath the flexure lines in the body C) in the axillary and anogenital area D) in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

answer

C) in the axillary and anogenital area

question

The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________. A) by high temperatures B) when the air temperature drops C) by hormones, especially androgens D) as a protective coating when one is swimming

answer

C) by hormones, especially androgens

question

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin? A) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism. B) It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body. C) The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy. D) It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases.

answer

A) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.

question

Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss? A) by measuring urinary output and fluid intake B) by observing the tissues that are usually moist C) through blood analysis D) by using the "rule of nines"

answer

D) by using the "rule of nines"

question

Only the epidermis is damaged

answer

first-degree burns

question

Injures the epidermis and the upper region of ther dermis

answer

Second-degree burns

question

Involves the enitre thickness of the skin

answer

third-degeree burns

question

What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn? A) infection B) catastrophic fluid loss C) unbearable pain D) loss of immune function

answer

B) catastrophic fluid loss

question

Male pattern baldness has a genetic switch that turns on in response to ________. A) age B) size C) weight D) male hormones

answer

D) male hormones

question

Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________. A) they grow much slower B) eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months C) the vascular supply of the eyebrow follicle is one-tenth that of the head hair follicle D) hormones in the eyebrow follicle switch the growth off after it has reached a predetermined length

answer

B) eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months

question

Cradle cap in infants is called ________.

answer

seborrhea

question

The white crescent portion of the nail is called the ________.

answer

lunula

question

The layer of the epidermis immediately under the stratum lucidum in thick skin is the stratum ________.

answer

granulosum

question

The ________ are the small muscles located in the dermis that cause goose bumps.

answer

arrector pili

question

The coarse hair of the eyebrows and scalp is called ________ hair.

answer

terminal

question

________ burns injure the epidermis and the upper regions of the dermis.

answer

Second-degree

question

________ are pigment-producing cells in the epidermis.

answer

Melanocytes

question

The only place you will find stratum ________ is in the skin that covers the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet.

answer

lucidium

question

The dermis is composed of the reticular and ________ layers.

answer

papillary

question

In addition to the synthesis of vitamin D, keratinocytes are able to carry out some other biologically important functions. Name at least two of these other functions.

answer

Keratinocyte enzymes can neutralize carcinogens that penetrate the epidermis. Keratinocytes are also able to convert topical steroid hormones to a powerful anti-inflammatory drug.

question

Balding men have tried all kinds of remedies, including hair transplants, to restore their lost locks. Explain the cause of male pattern baldness.

answer

It appears to be genetically determined and sex-linked, and is possibly caused by a delayed-action gene that responds to DHT and alters normal metabolism.

question

What are seven of the functions of the epidermis?

answer

1. Protection against abrasion. 2. Protection from the sun's radiation. 3. First line of immune system defense. 4. Protection from water loss. 5. Protection from heat loss. 6. Covers the body; interfaces with the outside. 7. Sensory perception.

question

Name the layers of the epidermis in order from the surface down.

answer

Stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale.

question

What are the functions of the papillary layer of the skin?

answer

1. Feed and oxygenate the epidermis. 2. Provide touch and pain receptors. 3. Form the underlying foundation for ridges of the hands and toes.

question

Name the four kinds of sudoriferous glands.

answer

1. eccrine 2. apocrine 3. ceruminous 4. mammary

question

Why is skin not considered a heat barrier for the body?

answer

The skin proper must retain flexibility to give up excess body heat, so it must not function as a heat barrier. The hypodermis contains adipose tissue that acts as an insulator. With this setup, extra blood (and heat) can be shunted above the hypodermis when heat loss is desirable.

question

What is the function of skin dermal folds and deep skin creases?

answer

to accommodate for joint movement

question

Sebaceous glands belong to which of the following classes?

answer

Simple alveolar

question

The dermis is primarily composed of which tissue type?

answer

Dense irregular connective tissue

question

What is the primary function of melanin?

answer

Provides protection against the sun's UV rays

question

fingerlike projections found on the superficial surface of the dermis

answer

Dermal papillae

question

contain a waterproofing glycolipid that is secreted into the intercellular space and is the major factor for slowing water loss across the epidermis

answer

Lamellated granules

question

Which of the following structures are primarily responsible for fingerprints?

answer

Epidermal ridges and sweat pores

question

Which of the following thick skin strata is the thickest?

answer

Stratum corneum

question

Responsible for shock absorption and located in the hypodermis.

answer

Adipose tissue

question

Pulls the hair follicle into an upright position

answer

arrector pili

question

Site of the dermal ridges that produce epidermal ridges on the epidermal surfaces of the fingers.

answer

papillary layer of dermis

question

Where pain receptors are found

answer

papillary layer of dermis

Chapter 5 A&P: Integumentary – Flashcards

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