chapter 5-6 - Flashcards | StudyHippo.com

Q: egocentrism:

egocentrism: Piaget\'s term for young children\'s tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective.

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amygdala:

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A tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety.

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balanced bilingual:

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A person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other.

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centration:

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A characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others.

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conservation:

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The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same (i.e., is conserved) even when its appearance changes.

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corpus callosum:

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corpus callosum: A long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them.

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egocentrism:

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egocentrism: Piaget's term for young children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective.

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fast-mapping:

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The speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning.

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focus on appearance:

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A characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent.

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Head Start:

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The most widespread early-childhood-education program in the United States, begun in 1965 and funded by the federal government.

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hippocampus:

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A brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations.

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injury control/harm reduction:

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Practices that are aimed at anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities; these practices reflect the beliefs that accidents are not random and that injuries can be made less harmful if proper controls are in place.

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irreversibility:

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A characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child thinks that nothing can be undone. A thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred.

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just right:

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The tendency of children to insist on having things done in a particular way. This can include clothes, food, bedtime routines, and so on.

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lateralization:

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Literally, "sidedness," referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity. The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa.

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limbic system:

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The major brain region crucial to the development of emotional expression and regulation; its three main areas are the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the hypothalamus, although recent research has found that many other areas of the brain are involved with emotions.

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focus on appearance:

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A characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent.

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Head Start:

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The most widespread early-childhood-education program in the United States, begun in 1965 and funded by the federal government.

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hippocampus:

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A brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations.

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hypothalamus:

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A brain area that responds to the amygdala and the hippocampus to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body.

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limbic system:

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The major brain region crucial to the development of emotional expression and regulation; its three main areas are the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the hypothalamus, although recent research has found that many other areas of the brain are involved with emotions.

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Montessori schools:

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Schools that offer early-childhood education based on the philosophy of Maria Montessori (an Italian educator more than a century ago); it emphasizes careful work and tasks that each young child can do.

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myelination:

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The process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron.

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overimitation:

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The tendency of children to copy an action that is not a relevant part of the behavior to be learned; common among 2- to 6-year-olds when they imitate adult actions that are irrelevant and inefficient.

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overregularization:

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The application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, making the language seem more "regular" than it actually is.

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perseveration:

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The tendency to persevere in, or stick to, one thought or action for a long time.

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prefrontal cortex:

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The area of the cortex at the very front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control.

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preoperational intelligence:

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Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6; it includes language and imagination (which involve symbolic thought), but logical, operational thinking is not yet possible.

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primary prevention:

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Actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease, or abuse.

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Reggio Emilia:

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A famous program of early-childhood education that originated in the town of Reggio Emilia, Italy; it encourages each child's creativity in a carefully designed setting.

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scaffolding:

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scaffolding: Temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process.

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secondary prevention:

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Actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian or installing traffic lights at dangerous intersections.

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static reasoning:

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A characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been and always will be.

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symbolic thought:

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The concept that an object or word can stand for something else, including something pretend or something not seen. Once symbolic thought is possible, language becomes much more useful.

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tertiary prevention:

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Actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse event (such as illness, injury, or abuse) occurs and that are aimed at reducing the harm or preventing disability.

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theory of mind:

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A person's theory of what other people might be thinking. In order to have a theory of mind, children must realize that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts that they themselves are. That realization is seldom achieved before age 4.

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theory-theory:

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The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear.

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zone of proximal development (ZPD):

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Vygotsky's term for the skills—cognitive as well as physical—that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently.

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antipathy:

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Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person.

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authoritarian parenting:

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An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication.

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authoritative parenting:

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An approach to child rearing in which the parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children.

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bullying aggression:

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Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves.

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child abuse:

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Deliberate action that is harmful to a child's physical, emotional, or sexual well-being.

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child maltreatment:

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Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age.

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child neglect:

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Failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs.

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Electra complex:

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The unconscious desire of girls to replace their mothers and win their fathers' exclusive love.

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emotional regulation:

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The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed.

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empathy:

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empathy: The ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from one's own.

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externalizing problems:

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externalizing problems: Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, as by lashing out at other people or breaking things.

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extrinsic motivation:

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A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that arises from the need to have one's achievements rewarded from outside, perhaps by receiving material possessions or another person's esteem.

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gender differences:

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Differences in the roles and behaviors that are prescribed by a culture for males and females.

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gender schema:

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A child's cognitive concept or general belief about sex differences, which is based on his or her observations and experiences.

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identification:

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An attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else.

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imaginary friends:

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Make-believe friends who exist only in a child's increasingly common from ages 3 through 7, they combat loneliness and aid emotional regulation.

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initiative versus guilt:

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Erikson's third psychosocial crisis, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them.

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instrumental aggression:

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Hurtful behavior that is intended to get something that another person has and to keep it.

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internalizing problems:

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Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves turning one's emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed, or worthless.

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intrinsic motivation:

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A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that comes from inside a person, such as the need to feel smart or competent.

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kinship care:

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A form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child, usually a grandparent, becomes the approved caregiver.

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neglectful/uninvolved parenting:

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An approach to child rearing in which the parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children's lives.

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Oedipus complex:

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The unconscious desire of young boys to replace their fathers and win their mothers' exclusive love.

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permanency planning:

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An effort by child-welfare authorities to find a long-term living situation that will provide stability and support for a maltreated child. A goal is to avoid repeated changes of caregiver or school, which can be particularly harmful to the child.

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permissive parenting:

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An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control.

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phallic stage:

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Freud's third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure.

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prosocial behavior:

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Actions that are helpful and kind but that are of no obvious benefit to the person doing them.

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psychological control:

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A disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on a child's feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents.

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psychopathology:

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An illness or disorder of the mind.

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reactive aggression:

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An impulsive retaliation for another person's intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical.

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relational aggression:

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Nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people.

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reported maltreatment:

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Harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities.

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rough-and-tumble play:

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Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but in which there is no intent to harm.

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self-concept:

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A person's understanding of who he or she is, incorporating self-esteem, physical appearance, personality, and various personal traits, such as gender and size.

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sex differences:

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Biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body shape.

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sociodramatic play:

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Pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create.

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substantiated maltreatment:

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Harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated, and verified.

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superego:

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In psychoanalytic theory, the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents.

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time-out:

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A disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people and activities for a specified time.

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Growth Patterns

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Comparing a toddling, unsteady 1-year-old with a cartwheeling 6-year-old makes some differences obvious. During early childhood, children slim down as the legs and arms lengthen and fat turns to muscle. The average body mass index (BMI, the ratio of weight to height) is lower at ages 5 and 6 than at any other time of life. Gone are the toddler's protruding belly, round face, short limbs, and large head. Size and Balance These cousins are only four years apart, but note the doubling in leg length and marked improvement in balance. The 2-year-old needs to plant both legs on the sand, while the 6-year-old cavorts on one foot. KATRINAWITTKAMP/GETTY IMAGES The center of gravity moves from the breast to the belly, enabling cartwheels, somersaults, and many other motor skills. The joys of dancing, gymnastics, and pumping a swing become possible. Toddlers often tumble, unbalanced—fortunately, they are close to the floor and thus don't have too far to fall. Kindergartners race and rarely slip. Increases in weight and height accompany this growth (see Appendix A). Over each year of early childhood, well-nourished children gain about 4½ pounds (2 kilograms) and grow almost 3 inches (about 7 centimeters). By age 6, the average child in a developed nation: Weighs between 40 and 50 pounds (18 to 22 kilograms) Is at least 3½ feet tall (more than 100 centimeters) Has adultlike body proportions (legs constitute about half the total height)

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Nutrition

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Although they rarely starve, 2- to 6-year-olds may be at greater nutritional risk than children of any other age because they eat too much of the wrong foods. Over the centuries, families encouraged eating, protecting children against famine. Even today in the poorest nations, infant and early-childhood malnutrition contributes to one-third of all child deaths (UNICEF, 2012) and slows later growth, including growth of the brain.

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Improved Motor Skills

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As the body gains strength, children develop motor skills, both gross motor skills (such as skipping) and fine motor skills (such as drawing). Mastery depends on maturation and practice; some 6-year-olds can ice-skate or print legibly—but most cannot (see Infographic 5, page 171).

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Brain Development

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As with motor skills, the brains of young children show impressive growth but are not nearly as developed as they will be later on. By age 2, most neurons are connected to other neurons and substantial pruning has occurred, as described in Chapter 3. The 2-year-old's brain is already 75 percent of adult weight; the 6-year-old's brain is 90 percent of adult weight. (The major structures of the brain are diagrammed in Figure 5.4.)

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The Maturing Cortex

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Since most of the brain is already present and functioning by age 2, what remains to develop? The most important parts! Although the 2-year-olds of other primates are more developed than human children in some ways (they climb trees better, walk sooner, etc.), and although many animals have abilities that people lack (e.g., dogs' sense of smell), young humans have intellectual capacities far beyond those of any other animal. Human brains continue to develop at least until early adulthood (Konner, 2010).

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Speed of Thought

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Most of the increases in brain weight after infancy are the result of myelination. Myelin (sometimes called the white matter of the brain) is a fatty coating on the axons that speeds signals between neurons (see Figure 5.5). Although myelination continues for years, the effects are especially apparent in early childhood (Silk & Wood, 2011).

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Connecting Hemispheres

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One part of the brain that grows and myelinates rapidly during early childhood is the corpus callosum, a long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right sides of the brain. Growth of the corpus callosum makes communication between hemispheres more efficient, allowing children to coordinate the two sides of the brain or body. Failure of the corpus callosum to mature results in serious disorders: This is one of several possible causes of autism (Frazier & Hardan, 2009),

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Body Changes

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1. Children continue to gain weight and add height during early childhood. Many adults overfeed children, not realizing that young children are naturally quite thin. 2. Many young children consume too much sugar and too little calcium and other nutrients. One consequence is poor oral health. Children need to brush their teeth and visit the dentist years before their permanent teeth erupt. 3. Gross motor skills continue to develop; clumsy 2-year-olds become agile 6-year-olds who move their bodies well, guided by their culture. By playing with other children in safe places, they practice the skills needed for formal education. 4. Accidents cause more preventable deaths than diseases do. Young children are more likely to suffer a serious injury or premature death than are older children. Close supervision and public safeguards can protect young children from their own eager, impulsive curiosity. Pollutants hamper development, with lead proven to impair the brain and motor skills. 5. Injury control occurs on many levels, including long before and immediately after each harmful incident. Primary prevention protects everyone. Secondary and tertiary prevention also save lives.

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Brain Development

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6. The brain continues to grow in early childhood, reaching 75 percent of its adult weight at age 2 and 90 percent by age 5. Lateralization becomes evident. 7. Myelination is substantial during early childhood, speeding messages from one part of the brain to another. The corpus callosum becomes thicker and functions much better. Maturation of the prefrontal cortex, known as the executive of the brain, reduces both impulsivity and perseveration. 8. The expression and regulation of emotions are fostered by several brain areas collectively called the limbic system, including the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the hypothalamus.

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Thinking During Early Childhood

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9. Piaget stressed the egocentric and illogical aspects of thought during the play years; he called thinking at this stage preoperational because young children often cannot yet use logical operations. They sometimes focus on only one thing (centration) and see things only from their own viewpoint (egocentrism), remaining stuck on appearances and current reality. 10. Vygotsky stressed the social aspects of childhood cognition, noting that children learn by participating in various experiences, guided by more knowledgeable adults or peers who scaffold to aid learning. Such guidance assists learning within the zone of proximal development. 11. Children develop theories to explain human behavior. One theory about children's thinking is called theory-theory—the hypothesis that children develop theories because people innately seek explanations for everything they observe. 12. In early childhood, children develop a theory of mind—an understanding of what others may be thinking. Notable advances in theory of mind occur at around age 4. Theory of mind is partly the result of brain maturation, but culture and experiences also have an impact.

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Language Learning

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13. Language develops rapidly during early childhood, a sensitive period but not a critical one for language learning. Vocabulary increases dramatically, with thousands of words added between ages 2 and 6. In addition, basic grammar is mastered. 14. Many children learn to speak more than one language, gaining cognitive as well as social advantages. Ideally, children become balanced bilinguals, equally proficient in two languages, by age 6.

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Early-Childhood Education

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15. Organized educational programs during early childhood advance cognitive and social skills. Many child-centered programs are inspired by Piaget and Vygotsky. Behaviorist principles led to many specific practices of teacher-directed programs. 16. Many types of preschool programs are successful. It is the quality of early education—whether at home or at school—that matters.

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Emotional Development

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1. Learning to regulate and control emotions is crucial during early childhood. Emotional regulation is made possible by maturation of the brain, particularly of the prefrontal cortex, as well as by experiences with parents and peers. 2. In Erikson's psychosocial theory, the crisis of initiative versus guilt occurs during early childhood. Children normally feel pride, sometimes mixed with feelings of guilt. Shame is also evident, particularly in some cultures. 3. Both externalizing and internalizing problems indicate impaired self-control. Some emotional problems that indicate psychopathology are first evident during these years, with boys more often manifesting externalizing behaviors and girls exhibiting internalizing behaviors.

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Play

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4. All young children enjoy playing—preferably with other children of the same sex, who teach them lessons in social interaction that their parents do not. 5. Active play takes many forms, with rough-and-tumble play fostering social skills and sociodramatic play developing emotional regulation.

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Challenges for Caregivers

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6. Three classic styles of parenting have been identified: authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative. Generally, children are more successful and happy when their parents express warmth and set guidelines. 7. A fourth style of parenting, neglectful/uninvolved, is always harmful. The particulars of parenting reflect the culture as well as the temperament of the child. 8. Children are prime consumers of many kinds of media. The problems that arise from media exposure include increased aggression and less creative play. 9. Even 2-year-olds correctly use sex-specific labels. Young children become aware of gender differences in clothes, toys, playmates, and future careers. 10. Freud emphasized that children are attracted to the opposite-sex parent and eventually seek to identify, or align themselves, with the same-sex parent. Behaviorists hold that gender-related behaviors are learned through reinforcement and punishment (especially for males) and social modeling. 11. Cognitive theorists note that simplistic preoperational thinking leads to gender schemas and therefore stereotypes. Humanists stress the powerful need of all humans to belong to their group. Evolutionary theory contends that sex and gender differences are crucial for the survival and reproduction of the species. 12. All five theories of sex-role development are plausible, which poses a challenge for caregivers.

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Moral Development

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13. The sense of self and the social awareness of young children become the foundation for morality, influenced by both nature and nurture. 14. Prosocial emotions lead to caring for others; antisocial behavior includes instrumental, reactive, relational, and bullying aggression. 15. Parental punishment can have long-term consequences, with both corporal punishment and psychological control teaching lessons that few parents want their children to learn.

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Child Maltreatment

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16. Child maltreatment includes ongoing abuse and neglect, usually by a child's own parents. Physical abuse is the most obvious form of maltreatment, but neglect is more common and may be more harmful. 17. Health, learning, and social skills are all impeded by abuse and neglect, not only during childhood but also decades later. 18. Tertiary prevention may include placement of a child in foster care, including kinship care. Permanency planning is needed.

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one-third

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Too much sugar and too little fiber cause tooth decay which affects _____ of young children in the U.S.

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5

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At what age is the typical child able to skip and gallop in rhythm?

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6

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By about age _____ young children's rigidity regarding their daily routines fades a bit.

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reduction

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The terms "injury control" and "harm _____" refer to practices that are aimed at anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities.

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at ages 5 and 6

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When are children at their slimmest?

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tertiary

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A call to poison control is an example of _____ prevention.

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just right

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Erik has just turned 3. At night, Erik becomes upset if his Mom doesn't set out his favorite superhero pajamas, if his teddy-bear isn't placed between the pillows, and if his Mom has made the bed with the "wrong" sheets. Erik is illustrating the _____ phenomenon.

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Appropriate controls can minimize harm.

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Which statement is consistent with the notion of injury control?

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tooth

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Too much sugar and too little fiber cause _____ decay which affects one-third of young children in the U.S.

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tertiary prevention.

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Angela's little girl found a bottle of her perfume and drank half the bottle. Angela immediately calls poison control and takes the steps that they advise. This is an example of:

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5

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The body mass index (BMI) is lower at age _____ than at any other age in the first years of life.

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average.

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Jarell is 6. He is 3'7" tall. Jarell's height is:

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is lower at ages 5 and 6 than at any other age in the first five years.

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The body mass index (BMI), or the ratio of weight to height:

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control

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The idea that appropriate controls can minimize the harm from accidents is behind the term "injury _____."

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lower

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The body mass index (BMI) is _____ at age 5 than at any other age in the first years of life.

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fine

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Skills that involve small body movements, such as writing and cutting food, are called _____ motor skills.

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6

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By age _____, the average child in a developed nation weighs between 40 and 50 pounds and is at least 42 inches tall.

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primary

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Laws limiting the number of baby aspirins per container are an example of _____ prevention.

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4

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The typical child is able to catch a ball by age _____.

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50

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Keira is 6. She is 3'7" tall. If her weight is average, Keira's weight is probably _____ pounds at most.

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Appropriate controls can minimize harm.

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Which statement is consistent with the notion of injury control?

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average in weight.

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Keira is 6. She is 3'7" tall and weighs 44 lbs. Keira is:

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5

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The typical child is able to skip and gallop in rhythm by age _____.

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average.

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Jarell is 6. He is 3'7" tall. Jarell's height is:

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peers

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The best way for children to learn motor skills is from their _____ who demonstrate the skills they are learning.

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6.

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Frannie has begun to "slim down." She has lost the chubby toddler look and is now lean. She weighs 42 pounds and is 44 inches tall. Frannie must be around the age of:

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the "just right" phenomenon.

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Dauntay is 3-year-old child. At night, he becomes upset if his Mom doesn't set out his favorite pajamas, his teddy-bear isn't placed between the pillows, and if the bed has been made with the "wrong" sheets. Dauntay is illustrating:

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4

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At what age does the typical child develop the ability to catch a beach ball?

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tooth decay affects one-third of young children in the U.S.

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Angela's parents take her to the dentist when she is six and are shocked to discover she has three cavities that need to be filled. This is not surprising because:

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Myelination

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_____ is the process by which axons become coated with a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron.

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lateralization.

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The tendency for each side of the brain to specialize in certain functions is called:

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perseveration.

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The tendency to stick to one thought or action is known as:

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limbic

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The _____ system is crucial for the expression and regulation of emotions.

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the tendency to stick to one thought or action

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To what does the developmental term "perseveration" refer?

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the limbic system

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Which part of the brain is crucial for the expression and regulation of emotions?

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impulsiveness

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An undeveloped prefrontal cortex can be responsible for _____ in young children.

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use both sides of their brains for almost every skill.

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Most people:

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impulsiveness.

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Perseveration is the opposite of:

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left-handedness may indicate an advantage in creativity.

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Developmentalists advise against switching a child's handedness, not only because it causes conflict but also because:

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limbic

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The _____system includes the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the hypothalamus.

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hypothalamus

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The _____ is the brain structure that produces hormones, such as cortisol, that activate other parts of the brain and body, ideally in moderation.

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prefrontal cortex

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The _____ is the "executive" of the brain.

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occipital; temporal

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Sight is to sound as the _____ lobe is to the _____ lobe.

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Amygdala

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_____ is to emotion as hippocampus is to memory.

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executive

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The prefrontal cortex is the _____ of the brain.

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limbic

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The amygdala is part of the _____ system in the brain.

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90

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By age 6 the brain weighs _____ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood.

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planning, prioritizing, and reflection.

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The prefrontal cortex is involved in:

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emotion; memory

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Amygdala is to hippocampus as _____ is to _____.

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prefrontal cortex

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The _____ cortex is a crucial part of the brain, involved in planning, prioritizing, and reflection.

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emotion

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Amygdala is to emotion as _____ is to memory.

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75

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A 2-year-old's brain weighs _____ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood.

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sidedness.

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Another term for lateralization is:

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temporal

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After a stroke, Mrs. Tippett has difficulty recognizing speech sounds. Mrs. Tippett's ______ lobe may be damaged.

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increased

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Because axons are becoming coated with a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses, brain weight is significantly _____ in early childhood.

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hippocampus

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The _____ is the brain structure that would be used by a small child to remember whether visiting the farm was a good time or a frightening time.

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prefrontal cortex

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Caroline is 15. After a head injury she is no longer able to plan ahead and prioritize properly. Most likely her _____ was injured.

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amygdala

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The _____ is the brain structure and part of the limbic system that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety.

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hippocampus

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Which brain structure is the central processor of memory for locations?

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cerebellum

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Which structure is NOT part of the limbic system?

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preoperational intelligence.

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Piaget's second of four stages of cognition is

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5

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By the age of _____ children are able to tell lies that are logical and plausible.

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conservation.

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The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same despite changes in its appearance is called:

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theory-theory.

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The tendency for children to want explanations of various things, especially things that involve them, reflects:

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centration.

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According to Piaget, one of the characteristics that limit a preoperational child's thinking is:

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How did Vygotsky define private speech?

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the internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves

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preoperational

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According to Piaget, centration is one of the characteristics that limit thinking in the _____ stage.

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theory of mind

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According to your text, one reason that 3-year-olds often tell wildly implausible lies is that they lack a(n) _______.

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irreversibility

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A characteristic of preoperational thought that involves a child thinking that nothing can be undone is called _____.

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why the adults acted the way they did.

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Research has found that before young children imitate adults, they usually want to know:

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What is animism?

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the belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive

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underestimating

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Piaget has been criticized for _____ conceptual ability during early childhood.

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appearance

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Focus on _____ is a characteristic of preoperational thought in which a child ignores all attributes that are not apparent.

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guided participation.

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After noticing that her 4-year-old brother was having difficulty putting a jigsaw puzzle together, 10-year-old Rose helped him with the task by putting together a few pieces herself, showing him how they fit and praising his successes, helping him to understand progress. From Vygotsky's perspective, this as an example of:

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preoperational

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Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6 is _____ intelligence.

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that riding a bike is within Reggie's zone of proximal development.

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Reggie can ride a bike only if his mom is providing some physical support and coaching. Vygotsky would say:

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egocentrism

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Which Piagetian term literally means "self-centeredness"?

question

They confused what they know with what they once thought and what they think someone else thinks.

answer

In the puppy in the box experiment described in the text, what was the reason for most 3 year olds thinking that Max the doll would look in the blue box upon his return?

question

Piaget

answer

According to _____, centration is one of the characteristics that limit a preoperational child's thinking.

question

preoperational

answer

Piaget's second of four stages of cognition is _____ intelligence.

question

animism

answer

A young child's belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive is known as _____.

question

static reasoning

answer

Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child assuming that the world is unchanging, always in the state in which the child currently experiences it?

question

preoperational intelligence

answer

What is Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6?

question

number.

answer

An experimenter who lines up seven pairs of checkers in two equal rows and asks a child if the rows have the same number of checkers is testing for conservation of:

question

centration.

answer

Four-year-old Jalonny grasps that Jerome is her father but cannot grasp that Jerome is also her grandmother's son. In this way, she is demonstrating:

question

irreversibility.

answer

Four-year-old Kanaan's mother makes him a ham and cheese sandwich for lunch. However, Kanaan refuses to eat the sandwich, stating that he does not like cheese. When Kanaan's mother removes the cheese from the sandwich, he still refuses to eat it and again states that he does not like cheese. This is an example of:

question

centration.

answer

As water is poured from a tall, thin container into a short, fat one, the preoperational child is likely to say that there is now less water: the child is focusing only on how high the water is in the container. This tendency to focus only on one aspect of a situation is what Piaget referred to as:

question

how the information affects the child

answer

When children ask "why" questions, what should adults try to include in their answers?

question

matter

answer

An experimenter who begins with two equal balls of clay and then changes the shape of one is testing for conservation of _____.

question

volume.

answer

An experimenter who begins with two equal glasses of water and then pours one of the glasses into a container of a different size and shape is testing for conservation of:

question

irreversibility

answer

Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child thinking that nothing can be undone?

question

proximal development

answer

Salvatore can ride a bike only if his mom is providing some physical support and coaching. Vygotsky would say that riding a bike is within Salvatore's zone of ________.

question

sensitive period.

answer

The term for the time when language learning is most easily and readily accomplished is the:

question

low

answer

People in the United States who are not proficient in English are at high risk for _____ school achievement.

question

were better at prereading and early math tasks.

answer

The results of a 2006 study of 5 year olds in inner-city Milwaukee revealed that, compared to other children, those exposed to a Montessori program:

question

extension

answer

A young child who states that "butter is made by butterflies" and "birds grow birdseed" is trying to use logical _____.

question

hearing

answer

From infancy on, a person's _____ is more acute than vocalization.

question

from Spanish-speaking homes.

answer

The children in the United States LEAST likely to attend preschool are:

question

10,000

answer

5.4.2 The Vocabulary Explosion The average child knows about 500 words at age 2 and more than _____ at age 6.

question

becoming more fluent in the language spoken at school than in the language spoken at home.

answer

A "language shift" refers to:

question

self-discovery.

answer

Child-centered programs stress children's development and growth through:

question

500; 10,000

answer

The average child knows about _____ words at age 2 and more than _____ at age 6.

question

individual pride and achievement.

answer

Montessori schools emphasize:

question

language

answer

Children could be referred to as _____ sponges in early childhood.

question

are able to learn and separate the two languages.

answer

According to research, children who are exposed to more than one language in early childhood:

question

teacher-directed

answer

The _____ approach to early childhood education emphasizes academics through large-group instruction.

question

the process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words

answer

What is fast-mapping?

question

negatively

answer

Based on your textbook's discussion, it is reasonable to predict that children's scores on language development measures are _____ correlated with the number of hours they spend watching television each week.

question

less likely to need special education

answer

What is a long-term benefit for participants in the intensive, early intervention programs described in the text?

question

expressive

answer

The ability to speak or write is called _____ language.

question

Montessori

answer

Which early childhood approach emphasizes individual pride and achievement?

question

Overregularization

answer

_____ occurs when children apply the rules of grammar when they should not.

question

bilingual

answer

The term "balanced _____" refers to a person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other.

question

college

answer

One of the long-term benefits for participants in the intensive, early intervention programs described in the text is that these children were more likely to attend _____.

question

early childhood

answer

At what age would children be best described as "language sponges"?

question

21

answer

In the United States in 2010, what percentage of children spoke a language other than English at home?

question

Its long-lasting beneficial effects are well documented.

answer

Which statement about Head Start is false?

question

spoken or written language

answer

What is receptive language?

question

High/Scope

answer

The _____ program, the Abecedarian program, and Child-Parent Centers are early childhood intervention programs that consistently enrolled children full-time and were research-based.

question

500

answer

Janie is 2 years old. She most likely knows about _____ words.

question

esteem

answer

People in the United States who are not proficient in English have a high risk of diminished self-_____.

question

academics.

answer

Teacher-directed programs emphasize:

question

fast-mapping

answer

Kandi's husband works on car engines as a hobby. When she thinks about his hobby, Jessica often fails to figure out exactly what a particular part is, but she has the general idea of what it does and places it in an appropriate mental category. This is an example of _____.

question

preoperational

answer

Your textbook suggests that preschoolers' tendency to make language shifts stems in part from the fact that they are at Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development.

question

language enhancement.

answer

When adults build vocabulary and grammar in children within the child's zone of proximal development, it is called:

question

Montessori

answer

The results of a 2006 study of 5 year olds in inner-city Milwaukee revealed that, compared to other children, those exposed to a _____ program were better at prereading and early math tasks.

question

language shift

answer

Tuan and Min moved to the United States from Vietnam a year ago with their 7-year-old daughter, Qui. Over the past year, Qui has stopped speaking to her parents in Vietnamese and will only answer them in English. Qui is most likely demonstrating a(n) _____.

question

code-focused teaching.

answer

Teaching children to recognize letters and to know the sounds each makes is called:

question

Abecedarian

answer

The High/Scope program, the _____ program, and Child-Parent Centers are early childhood intervention programs that consistently enrolled children full-time and were research-based.

question

longitudinal

answer

The best evidence for the effectiveness of preschool education comes from studies that followed children from infancy through first grade; that is, from _____ studies.

question

overregularization.

answer

The tendency of a young child to apply the rules of grammar to situations when he or she should not is:

question

25 percent

answer

Approximately what percentage of young children in the United States is of Hispanic heritage?

question

grammar.

answer

Overregularization demonstrates a child's Understanding of:

question

Montesorri

answer

_____ is a type of education that emphasizes individual pride and achievement using many literacy-related tasks.

question

individual

answer

Montessori schools emphasize _____ pride and accomplishment.

question

education

answer

One of the long-term benefits for participants in the intensive, early intervention programs described in the text is that these children were less likely to need special _____.

question

grammar

answer

Overregularization demonstrates a child's Understanding of _____.

question

semilingual

answer

One argument against teaching children more than one language is that they may become _______, meaning they are at risk for delay, incomplete, and possibly impaired language.

question

fast-mapping

answer

The process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words is called _____.

question

child-centered

answer

A preschool that stresses each child's development and growth is most likely a(n) _____ program.

question

Brain

answer

_____ maturation, scaffolding, myelination, and social interaction make early childhood ideal for language development.

question

individual differences, neither using any large-group testing

answer

What is the main emphasis of the Reggio Emilia early childhood approach?

question

1965

answer

When was Head Start established in the United States?

question

teacher-directed

answer

Which early childhood approach emphasizes academics through large-group instruction?

question

regulation

answer

Children who have mastered emotional _____ have learned when and how to express emotions.

question

intrinsic

answer

A drive that comes from inside a person is called _____ motivation.

question

anger

answer

In Puerto Rico, parents especially try to teach children to control their_____.

question

were less likely to draw.

answer

In an experiment by Mark Lepper and colleagues (1973), children who received an expected award for drawing:

question

an Understanding of one's self

answer

What is self-concept?

question

a drive that comes from inside a person

answer

What is intrinsic motivation?

question

prefrontal

answer

Emotional regulation is made possible when emotional functions are linked to the _____ cortex in the brain.

question

intrinsic motivation.

answer

The existence of imaginary friends, which are common in 3- to 7-year-olds, reflects:

question

third

answer

Guilt is the negative consequence of which developmental stage of Erik Erikson's theory?

question

externalizing; internalizing

answer

According to the text, gender differences may make boys more vulnerable to _____ problems and girls more vulnerable to _____ problems.

question

depressed

answer

Across cultures, children of parents who were _____ were less able to regulate their emotions.

question

intrinsic motivation.

answer

A musician who plays for the delight of making music, even if no one else hears it, has:

question

fear

answer

In the United States, parents especially try to teach children to control their _____.

question

emotional regulation

answer

Children who master _____ have learned when and how to express emotions.

question

extrinsic motivation.

answer

A student who works hard to achieve good grades for the sole purpose of pleasing his parents would be said to have:

question

internalizing

answer

An example of a(n) _____ problem is a feeling of worthlessness.

question

phallic

answer

Erik Erikson's initiative-versus-guilt crisis takes place during Sigmund Freud's _____ stage.

question

5

answer

By the age of _____ year(s), children are less likely to throw temper tantrums than they were at an earlier age.

question

unrealistically.

answer

Typical 2- to 5-year-olds tend to view themselves:

question

externalizing; internalizing

answer

According to the text, gender differences may make boys more vulnerable to _____ problems and girls more vulnerable to _____ problems.

question

emotional regulation.

answer

Shawn is 5 years old. When he is angry, he can express this appropriately without becoming explosive. When he is sad, he can express this and can be consoled. Shawn seems to have mastered:

question

extenilizing

answer

Gabe took his BB gun and shot his neighbors' windows after getting into a fight with his father. Gabe is most likely_____ his anger.

question

peers

answer

According to the text, the best playmates for young children are _____.

question

Sociodramatic

answer

_____ play allows for children to act out various roles and themes in stories they create.

question

fifth

answer

Cooperative play appears _____ in the order of Mildred Parten's progression of social play.

question

strength

answer

Physical activity helps children to develop muscle _____ and control.

question

rough-and-tumble

answer

Wrestling is a type of _____ play.

question

Play reflects the values and activities of the culture.

answer

Which statement about play is true around the world?

question

sociodramatic

answer

Heather and Dylan, both 4 years old, pretend to be Cinderella and Snow White and act out a story. They are engaging in ______ play.

question

associative

answer

The kind of play that involves children interacting and sharing, but without their play being mutual or reciprocal, is _____.

question

sociodramatic

answer

Together, rough-and-tumble play and ______ play comprise active play.

question

themes of good versus evil.

answer

The sociodramatic play of boys often revolves around:

question

solitary

answer

Which type of play appears first in Mildred Parten's progression of social play?

question

Parten

answer

_____ identified five different types of play, including solitary and parallel.

question

parten

answer

The American researcher who identified five types of play, including solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, and cooperative is _____.

question

Sociodramatic

answer

_____ play allows children to explore and rehearse social roles.

question

children play with similar toys, but not together

answer

Which is an example of parallel play?

question

Children can strengthen their muscles.

answer

Which is NOT a benefit of sociodramatic play?

question

second

answer

Onlooker play appears _____ in the order of Mildred Parten's progression of social play.

question

rough-and-tumble.

answer

Play that mimics aggression, but with no intent to harm, is called:

question

first

answer

Solitary play appears _____ in the order of Mildred Parten's progression of social play.

question

active

answer

Together, rough-and-tumble play and sociodramatic play comprise ______ play.

question

associative.

answer

The kind of play that involves children interacting and sharing without their play being mutual or reciprocal is:

question

onlooker.

answer

A kind of play identified by Mildred Parten is:

question

3

answer

Many Asian parents tend to expect their children to engage in cooperative social play by age:

question

solitary

answer

Of Mildred Parten's five types of play, which did she believe is the LEAST advanced?

question

third

answer

Parallel play appears _____ in the order of Mildred Parten's progression of social play.

question

fourth

answer

Associative play appears _____ in the order of Mildred Parten's progression of social play.

question

sociodramatic play.

answer

Ginnie and Vern are pretending to be jungle animals. They have created an elaborate plot about how they have escaped from the zoo. They are engaging in:

question

hunting mice

answer

According to the text, children in Cameroon would be the most likely to engage in which type of play?

question

flying kites

answer

According to the text, children in China would be the most likely to engage in which type of play?

question

play

answer

Mildred Parten identified five different types of _____, including solitary and parallel.

question

Diana Baumrind.

answer

Many researchers have traced the effects of parenting on child development, but the researcher whose findings continue to be most influential is:

question

Freud

answer

_____ believed that at about 3 or 4 years of age children enter the phallic stage of psychosexual development.

question

behavior

answer

One critique of Diana Baumrind's research on parenting styles is that she focused more on parental attitudes than on_____.

question

sex

answer

The biological differences between males and females are referred to as _____ differences.

question

affectionate

answer

One critique of Diana Baumrind's research on parenting styles is that she did not realize that some authoritarian parents are very _____.

question

the culturally prescribed differences in the roles and behaviors of males and females.

answer

The term "gender differences" refers to:

question

media

answer

All electronic _____ can be harmful to children.

question

an attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else

answer

What is identification?

question

authoritative

answer

Research has found that young children in a school setting are most likely to learn from teachers who use which one of Diana Baumrind's discipline styles?

question

Oedipus

answer

Sigmund Freud postulated that young boys have an unconscious desire to replace their fathers and win their mother's exclusive love. He called this the _____ complex.

question

authoritarian

answer

The _____ parenting style is more likely to use physical punishment than any other of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles.

question

evolutionary

answer

Which theory of gender differences focuses primarily on our biological need to reproduce to explain gender differences and behaviors?

question

mothers

answer

According to Sigmund Freud, the Electra complex is when little girls have the unconscious desire to replace their _____ and win their father's exclusive romantic love.

question

authoritative; authoritarian

answer

According to Diana Baumrind, _____ parents set loving limits for their children, while _____ parents can be harsh and rigid.

question

Gender

answer

_____ differences involve the roles of males and females prescribed by the culture.

question

expressions of warmth

answer

Sean and Maria are very cold toward and critical of their children. They rarely hug and kiss them or tell them that they love them. This aspect of Sean and Maria's parenting would fall into which of Diana Baumrind's dimensions of parenting?

question

gender; sex

answer

Culture dictates _____ differences, while biology determines _____ differences.

question

when parents have low expectations for maturity and rarely discipline their children

answer

What did Diana Baumrind describe as the permissive parenting style?

question

evolutionary

answer

Kindergarteners play "boys chase the girls" on the playground. The teacher has observed that over the course of the year, the girls have begun to act more "girly" and almost flirtatious with the boys, and the boys have gradually acted more "macho" as they play this game. This apparent natural desire for the children to be desirable to each other and the subsequent development of sex roles would be best explained by _____ theory.

question

gender

answer

Suzy is 4 years old. She likes to play with dolls, wear dresses, and pretend she is a princess. These preferences are reflective of her:

question

expectations for maturity

answer

According to Diana Baumrind, _____ is the dimension in which parents expect from their children certain levels of responsibility and self-control.

question

Diana Baumrind did not realize that some permissive parents provide extensive verbal guidance.

answer

What was a limitation of Diana Baumrind's research on parenting styles?

question

parenting

answer

Researcher Diana Baumrind identified three _____ styles.

question

permissive

answer

According to Diana Baumrind, _____ parents tend to have high nurturance and low expectations of maturity.

question

Baumrind

answer

Many researchers have traced the effects of parenting on child development, but the researcher whose findings continue to be most influential is _____.

question

authoritative

answer

According to Diana Baumrind, _____ parents set limits for their children, but they are flexible.

question

parenting

answer

Researcher Diana Baumrind traced the effects of _____ on child development, and her findings continue to be very influential.

question

authoritarian

answer

In which of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles are parents more likely to use physical punishment?

question

neglectful/uninvolved.

answer

Mira is uninvolved in the lives of her children. She does not seem to know or care what they are doing. Her parenting style might be best described as:

question

expectations for maturity

answer

Billy and Tish do not believe that it is right to expect their children to exhibit self-control or to take responsibility for most of their behaviors. This aspect of Billy and Tish's parenting would fall into which of Diana Baumrind's dimensions of parenting?

question

an Understanding of the feelings and concerns of another person.

answer

Empathy refers to:

question

as many

answer

In the Debby Laible study (2008) referred to in the text, it was found that securely attached children had _____ conflicts with their parents as insecurely attached children.

question

kinship

answer

Foster care in which a maltreated child is placed in the care of a relative is known as _____ care.

question

brain

answer

Displaying deliberate prosocial or antisocial behavior requires that a child have _____ maturation and a theory of mind.

question

The types of discipline used depend upon the values of the family and culture.

answer

Which statement about discipline is true?

question

kinship

answer

A form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child becomes his or her foster parent is called _____ care.

question

spontaneous efforts to help others who are hurt, crying, or in need of help.

answer

The development of empathy is apparent in a child's:

question

induction

answer

"It's not nice to take your friends' toys without asking. You would feel angry if Lenny took your games without telling you," Tammy tells her son. Tammy is using a discipline technique called:

question

Both are customs that are considered child abuse in some cultures but not in others.

answer

What do circumcision and spanking have in common?

question

a kind of aggression that is unprovoked and involves repeated physical or verbal attacks

answer

What is bullying aggression?

question

psychological control.

answer

Gail says to her son, "After all the cooking and cleaning I've done for you, you are not considerate enough to pick up your toys! Mommy is not going to love you if you don't pick up your toys." This discipline technique is:

question

reported

answer

Two-year-old Derek's neighbors notice that the boy is often dirty, wearing improper clothing for the weather, and left unattended on the family's porch. They call family services to report that they suspect the boy is being abused or neglected. At this point, before an investigation has taken place, Derek's condition is known as _____ maltreatment.

question

bullying

answer

Which kind of aggression is unprovoked and involves repeated physical or verbal attacks?

question

young children

answer

Physical punishment such as slapping and spanking is used more with _____ than on children of any other age group.

question

substantiated maltreatment.

answer

A family is investigated for child maltreatment after a report by a neighbor. They are found to have been abusive and neglectful of their two children. The children are subsequently removed from the home and placed in foster care. This is a case of:

question

increases; decreases

answer

Between ages 2 and 6, instrumental aggression _____ in frequency. Over this period, reactive aggression _____.

question

tertiary

answer

Removing an abused child from his or her home would be an example of _____ prevention of child maltreatment.

question

bullying

answer

Both reactive aggression and _____ aggression directly reflect poor emotional regulation

question

increases; increases

answer

Physical punishment _____ the possibility of aggression and temporarily _____ obedience

question

physical

answer

Child abuse is defined as any deliberate action that is harmful to a child's _____, emotional, or sexual well-being.

question

antipathy

answer

The feeling of dislike or even hatred for another person is _____.

question

relational

answer

Psychological control may reduce academic achievement and increase _____ aggression.

question

relative

answer

Foster care in which a maltreated child is placed in the care of a _____ is known as kinship care.

question

Bullying

answer

_____ aggression is unprovoked and involves repeated physical or verbal attacks.

question

are more likely to become bullies and delinquents.

answer

Longitudinal research has found that children who were physically punished:

question

usually perpetrated by the child's parents.

answer

People recognize today that child abuse or maltreatment is:

question

empathy

answer

Which term refers to an Understanding of the feelings and concerns of another person?

question

home visits by a social worker

answer

Which is an example of secondary prevention of child maltreatment?

question

conflicts

answer

In the Debbie Laible study (2008) referred to in the text, it was found that securely attached children had as many _____ with their parents as insecurely attached children.

question

four

answer

In a confidential survey cited in the text (Jon Hussey et al., 2006), one in _____ young adults reported having been slapped, hit, or kicked by an adult caregiver before sixth grade.

question

reactive; bullying

answer

Both _____ aggression and _____ aggression directly reflect poor emotional regulation.

question

antisocial behavior.

answer

Donny, age 6, suddenly makes an angry face at Alan and kicks him hard for no apparent reason. Donny is displaying:

question

prosocial behavior.

answer

Five-year-old Edward approaches a new student in his school and invites him to join in a game he is playing with other children. Edward is displaying:

question

verified

answer

The term substantiated maltreatment refers to cases that are reported and _____.

question

having been slapped, hit, or kicked by an adult caregiver before sixth grade.

answer

In a confidential survey cited in the text (Jon Hussey et al., 2006), one in four young adults reported:

question

instrumental aggression.

answer

Three-year-old Tim knocks Dan to the ground to get a toy away from him. Tim is probably demonstrating:

question

Parents talk with their child to help the child to understand why his or her behavior is wrong.

answer

What is involved in induction?

question

Bettina, age 5

answer

Which child would be capable of being deliberately prosocial or antisocial?

question

reactive.

answer

Leo punches Alan after Alan accidentally tripped Leo on the playground. Leo's aggression would be described as:

question

primary

answer

Passing laws to decrease the financial instability of families in high-risk situations would be an example of _____ prevention of child maltreatment.

question

primary

answer

Taking steps to reduce teenage pregnancy rates is an example of _____ prevention of child maltreatment.

question

corporal

answer

Physical punishment is the same thing as _____ punishment.

question

insecurely

answer

In the Debbie Laible study (2008) referred to in the text, it was found that securely attached children had as many conflicts with their parents as _____ attached children.

question

a disciplinary technique in which parents threaten the withdrawal of their love and support

answer

What is psychological control?

question

substantiated

answer

According to the text, it is difficult to get accurate statistics on child maltreatment because not all cases are noticed, not all noticed cases are reported, and not all reported cases are _____.

question

psychological

answer

A discipline technique that may damage a child's creativity, social acceptance, and math achievement is ______ control.

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