Chapter 4 – Microbiology – Flashcards
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| bacteria |
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| a category of prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their call walls |
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| flagella and axial filaments |
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| two appendages that provide motility in bacteria (prokaryotes) |
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| fimbriae - pili |
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| two appendages that provide attachment in bacteria (prokaryotes) |
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| filament, hook, basal body |
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| three distinct parts of the prokaryotic flagella |
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| polar arrangment |
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| arrangment in which flagella are attached at one or both ends of the cell |
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| chemotaxis |
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| the process in which bacteria move in response to chemical signals |
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| runs |
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| when a flagellum rotates counterclockwise, the cell swims in a smooth linear direction called ______ |
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| tumbles |
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| when a cells counterclockwise rotation is reversed, the cell will move by _____ |
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| spirochetes |
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| corkscrew shaped bacteria that move by means of periplasmic flagella or axial filaments |
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| periplasmic flagella - axial filaments - cell wall - cell membrane |
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| spirochets move in a wriggly motion using _______ or ________ which is enclosed in the space between their ____ and their _____ |
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| fimbrae |
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| small, bristlelike fibers sprouting off the surface of many bacterial cells |
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| protien |
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| most fimbrae are composed of ______ |
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| pilus |
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| an elongated, rigid tubular structure made of pilin |
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| pilin |
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| a special protein that composes the pilus |
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| gram-negative |
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| true pili have only been found on _____ bacteria |
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| conjugation |
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| a "mating" process between cells which involves a partial transfer of DNA from on cell to another |
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| true |
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| T or F - gram-negative bacteria can only conjugate with other gram-negative bacteria |
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| biofilm |
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| a living layer of bacteria |
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| glycocalyx |
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| a coating of repeated polysaccharide units, protein, or both |
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| glycocalyx |
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| protects the cell and sometimes helps it adhere to surfaces |
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| slime layer |
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| glycocalyx that functions to protect them from water and nutrient loss |
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| capsule |
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| coating that increases the pathogenicity of bacter by protecting it from phagocytes |
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| glycocalyces |
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| some ______ are responsible for the formation of biofilms |
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| cell envelope |
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| chemically complex enternal covering that lies outside of the cytoplasm |
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| 2 - 3 |
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| the cell envelope of gram positive bacteria has ___ layers and gram negative has ___ layers |
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| gram positive |
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| type of bacteria that contains the tightly bound acidic polysaccharides teichic acid and lipoteichoic acid |
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| teichoic acid |
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| a polymer of ribitol or glycerol and phosphate embedded in the peptidoglycan sheath of gram-positive bacteria |
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| lipoteichoic acid |
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| acid in gram positive bacteria that is similar in structure to teichoic acid but attached to lipds |
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| maintenance and enlargement |
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| the acidic polysaccharides in gram positive bacteria function for ____ and _____ of the cell wall |
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| periplasmic space |
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| area that surrounds that peptidoglycan in gram negative bacteria |
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| lipids |
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| mycobacteria and nocardia stain gram positive and contain peptidoglycan, but most of their cell wall is composed of _____ |
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| archea |
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| ____ are a prokaryote whose cell wall is composed of polysaccharides or protien, not peptidoglycan |
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| mycoplasmas |
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| bacteria that naturally lack a cell wall |
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| sterols - lysis |
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| the mycoplasmas cell membrane is stabalized by _____, not a cell wall, and is resistant to ______ |
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| L form |
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| when a cell loses its cell wall, it is in its _____ |
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| protoplast |
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| when gram positive bacteria loses its cell wall from chemicals or pennicilin, it becomes a ______ |
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| spheroplast |
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| when gram negative bacteria loses its cell wall, it still has its outermembrane and is called a ______ |
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| lipopolysaccharides |
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| the outer membrane of bacteria contains _____, which is what makes gram negative bacteria dangerous |
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| sterols |
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| rigid lipids that stabilize and reinforce the cell membranes of mycoplasmas |
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| hydrocarbons |
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| the cell membranes of archae contain _____ rather than fatty acids |
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| cell membrane |
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| site where energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis takes place in bacteria (prokaryotes) |
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| cell membrane |
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| since prokaryotes lack mitochondria, most enzymes of respiration and ATP synthsis take place in the ______ |
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| T |
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| T or F - Gram negative bacteria are often more difficult to kill than gram positive bacteria |
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| bacterial chromosome |
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| single stranded circular DNA |
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| nucleoid |
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| area of bacteria where the chromosomes migrate |
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| RNA and protein |
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| ribosomes are made of ____ and _____ |
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| ribosomal RNA |
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| chemically, a ribosome is composed of _____ ___ and protein |
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| 70S |
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| the prokaryotic ribosome has an overall rating of ____ |
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| 80S |
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| Eukaryotic ribosomes have an overall rating of _____ |
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| inclusion bodies |
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| bacteria can store excess nutrients in ______ |
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| granules |
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| inclusion bodies that contain crystals of inorganic compounds that are not membrane bound |
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| metachromatic granules |
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| polyphosphate granules that are a source of building blocks for nucleic acids and ATP- - stain red or purple in the presence of methylene blue dye |
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| magnetosomes |
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| iron oxide particles that have magnetic properties |
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| actin |
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| the cytoskelaton of bacteria is composed of _____ |
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| endospores |
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| dormant bodies produced by some bacteria |
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| vegetative cell endospore |
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| two-phase lifecycle of spore producing bacteria |
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| sporulation |
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| occcurs when the vegetative bacterial cell is acted on by environmental conditions to form a spore |
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| sporangium |
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| process in which vegetative cell is deprived of nutrients, it receives the signal to begin forming a spore |
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| 6-8 hours |
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| in most spore forming bacteria, it takes _____ for the spore to form |
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| calcium - dipicolinic acid - water |
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| the heat resistance of spores has been linked to their high content of ____ and ______ because it removes ____ from the cell |
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| coccus |
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| a spherical or ball-shaped bacterium |
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| bacillus |
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| a cylindrical bacterium |
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| coccobacillus |
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| when a rod is short and plump, it is called a _____ |
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| vibrio |
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| a gentle curved coccobacillus |
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| pleomorphism |
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| phenomenon in which cells of the same species vary in shape and size |
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| diplococci |
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| term for 2 cocci |
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| tetrads |
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| groups of 4 cocci |
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| staph |
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| irregular clusters of cocci |
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| strep |
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| chains of cocci |
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| sarcina |
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| cubical pack of 8 cocci |
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| palisades |
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| arrangement when bacilli are partially connected or hinged |
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| bergey's manual |
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| the definitive published source for bacterial classification |
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| pheotypic |
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| the shape, cultural behavior, and biochemical reactions of a bacteria are their ____ traits |
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| facultative |
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| _____ bacteria may or may not use oxygen |
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| cyanobacteria |
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| bacteria that contains thylakoids and was formerly called blue-green algae |
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| thylakoids |
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| cyanobacteria contain extensive internal membranes called ______ |
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| chlorophyl - gas |
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| thylakoids contain granules of ______ for energy and ____ to allow them to float |
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| green and purple sulfur |
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| bacteria that has bacteriochlorophyll to undergo photosynthesis |
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| ribosomal RNA |
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| archea and eukaryotes share a number of ____ ____ sequences that are not found in bacteria |
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| methanogens |
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| archaec cell that can convert CO2 and H2 into methane gas |
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| halophiles |
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| archeac cells that life in very high salt concentrations and may tint water red (the "red sea") |
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| psychrophilic |
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| archea adapted to grow at very cold temperatures |
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| hyperthermophilic |
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| archea adapted to grow at very high temperatures |
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| plasmid |
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| a small piece of DNA, seperate from the main chromosome, that carries genetic information and is transfered during conjugation |
