question

what do disinfectants do and what are they used on?

answer

kills organisms and is used only on nonliving objects

question

do antiseptics kill microorganisms?

answer

no, they only inhibit the growth of microorganisms

question

what are antiseptics used on?

answer

exclusively applied to living tissue

question

what are antibiotics?

answer

medications used to treat bacterial infections

question

treatment of an infection before specific culture information has been reported or obtained is what type of therapy?

answer

empiric therapy

question

antibiotic therapy tailored to treat organism identified with cultures

answer

definitive therapy

question

treatment with antibiotics to prevent an infection, as in intraabdominal surgery or after trauma

answer

prophylactic antibiotic therapy

question

subtherapeutic response

answer

signs and symptoms of infection do not improve

question

an infection occurring during antimicrobial treatment for another infection, resulting from overgrowth of an organism not susceptible to the antibiotic used

answer

superinfection

question

a secondary microbial infection that occurs in addition to an earlier primary infection, often due to weakening of the patient's immune system function by the first infection

answer

superinfection

question

a potentially-necrotizing inflammatory bowel condition that is often associated with antibiotic therapy and is often caused by C. dif

answer

pseudomembranous colitis

question

factors that are unique to a particular patient that affect the patient's susceptibility to infection and response to various antibiotic drugs (ex: low neutrophil count, age, allergies)

answer

host factors

question

classic signs and symptoms of infections

answer

fever, chills, sweats, redness, pain, and swelling, fatigue, weight loss, increased WBC count, pus

question

when can a superinfection occur?

answer

when antibiotics reduce or completely eliminate the normal bacterial flora

question

administration of antibiotics such as sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin, and dapsone to a person with G6PD deficiency may result in what?

answer

hemolysis, or destruction of red blood cells

question

people who are slow acetylators may lead to what when taking antibiotics?

answer

toxicity due to the slow metabolization of drugs

question

four most common MOA's for antibiotics

answer

1. interference with cell wall synthesis 2. interference with protein synthesis 3. interference with DNA replication 4. antimetabolite action that disrupts critical metabolic reactions inside the bacterial cell

question

sulfonamides MOA

answer

prevent synthesis of folic acid required for synthesis of purines and nucleic acid and only affect organisms that synthesize their own folic acid

question

are sulfonamides bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

answer

bacteriostatic

question

sulfonamides indications

answer

effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, treats UTI's, opportunistic HIV infection (pneumocystis jirovecci), outpatient staph infections due to high rate of community-acquired MRSA infections, shigellosis enteritis, nocardiosis, enterobacter species, klebsiella,

question

sulfonamides contraindications

answer

known drug allergy, Celebrex should not be used in patient with sulfonamide allergy, pregnant women at term, infants younger than 2 months

question

adverse effects of sulfonamides

answer

hemolytic and aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, photosensitivity, exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, epidermal necrolysis, N/V, diarrhea, pancreatitis, hepatotoxicity, convulsions, crystalluria, toxic nephrosis, HA, peripheral neuritis, urticaria, cough, allergic reaction "sulfa allergy"

question

sulfonamide interactions

answer

-may potentiate the hypoglycemia effects of sulfonylureas in diabetes treatment, the toxic effects of phenytoin, and the anticoagulant effects of warfarin which can lead to hemorrhage -may increase likelihood of cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity -reduces efficacy of oral contraceptives

question

because sulfonamides are capable of blocking a specific step in a biosynthetic pathway, they are also considered?

answer

antimetabolites

question

which drug classes are beta-lactam anitbiotics?

answer

penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams

question

beta-lactam drugs MOA

answer

inhibit the synthesis of the bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall

question

what type of penicillin in penicillin G?

answer

natural penicillin

question

are penicillins bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

answer

bactericidal

question

penicillin MOA

answer

Enter bacterium through the cell wall where they then bind to penicillin-binding protein. Once bound, normal cell wall synthesis is disrupted causing bacteria cells to die from cell lysis

question

penicillin indications

answer

prevention and treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria such as: Streptococcus spp., enterococcus spp., and staphylococcus spp.

question

extended-spectrum penicillins are used to treat many health care associated infections such as?

answer

pneumonia, intraabdominal infections, sepsis

question

penicillin contraindications

answer

known drug allergy

question

penicillin adverse effects

answer

urticaria, pruritus, angioedema, N/V, diarrhea, abdominal pain, hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, lethargy, anxiety, depression, seizures, taste alterations, granulocytopenia

question

penicillin interactions

answer

-NSAIDs>>more free and active penicillin -oral contraceptives>>decrease efficacy of contraceptive -warfarin>>enhanced anticoagulant effect of warfarin -rifampin>>inhibit killing activity of penicillins -probenecid>>prolongs effects of penicillins -methotrexate>>increased methotrexate levels -aminoglycosides (IV) and clavulanic acid>>more effective killing of bacteria

question

A patient is receiving Augmentin (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid) liquid solution through a PEG tube. What is the purpose of the clavulanic acid? A) It works synergistically with the antibiotic to improve potency. B) It inhibits the action of the enzymes produced by beta-lactamase-producing bacteria. C) It protects the antibiotic from the harmful gastric acid secretions in the stomach. D) It enhances the absorption of the antibiotic in the small intestine

answer

B) It inhibits the action of the enzymes produced by beta-lactamase-producing bacteria

question

what are the 3 beta-lactamase inhibitors

answer

clavulanic acid, tazobactam, and sulbactam

question

what are the 3 salt forms of penicillin G?

answer

benzathine, procaine, and potassium

question

benzathine and procaine salts are used as?

answer

longer-acting IM injections, made into a thick white paste, DO NOT GIVE THROUGH IV

question

penicillin G potassium is potassium is formulated for?

answer

IV use

question

penicillin G IM formulations can be especially helpful for treating?

answer

syphilis due to only one injection being needed

question

are cephalosporins bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

answer

bactericidal

question

are cephalosporins broad or narrow spectrum?

answer

broad

question

cephalosporins are structurally and pharmacologically related to?

answer

penicillins

question

cephalosporin adverse effects?

answer

mild diarrhea, abdominal cramps, rash, pruritus, redness, edema, cross sensitivity with penicillins if allergies exist

question

patients with a history of throat swelling (anaphylaxis) or hives from penicillin should not be given..?

answer

cephalosporins

question

are first generation cephalosporins more active against gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria?

answer

gram-positive

question

cefazolin (ancef) belongs to which generation of cephalosporins?

answer

first generation

question

cefazolin (ancef) belongs to which drug class?

answer

cephalosporins

question

cefazolin (ancef) is available only for which route?

answer

parenteral

question

cefazolin (ancef) is most commonly used for what?

answer

surgical prophylaxis and for susceptible staphylococcal infections

question

cefazolin (ancef) indications

answer

infections due to gram-positive organisms, some penicillinase-producing organisms, some gram-negative organisms; preoperative and postoperative surgical prophylaxis

question

ceftriaxone (rocephin) belongs to which generation of cephalosporins?

answer

3rd generation

question

which generation of cephalosporins is the most potent against gram-negative bacteria?

answer

3rd generation

question

is the 3rd generation of cephalosporins more active against gram-negative or gram-positive?

answer

gram-negative

question

ceftriaxone (rocephin) is available only for which route?

answer

injection

question

ceftriaxone (rocephin) is indicated for?

answer

meningitis, CNS infections

question

ceftriaxone (rocephin) should not be given to which patients?

answer

hyperbilirubinemic neonates, patients with sever liver dysfunction

question

should ceftriaxone (rocephin) be administered with calcium infusions?

answer

no

question

how many times can ceftriaxone (rocephin) be given per day?

answer

once

question

erythromycin belongs to which drug class?

answer

macrolides

question

macrolides MOA

answer

inhibit protein synthesis by binding reversibly to the 50S ribosomal subunits of susceptible microorganisms

question

are macrolides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

answer

bacteriostatic, but can become bactericidal at high doses

question

macrolide indications

answer

infections caused by S. pyogenes, mild to moderate URI and LRI cuased by H. influenzae, spirochetal infections such as syphilis and lyme disease, gonorrhea, chlamydia, mycoplasma, corynebacterium infections, decreased GI motility

question

macrolide contraindications

answer

known drug allergy

question

what is the alternative drug class used for patients with allergies to beta-lactam antibiotics?

answer

macrolides

question

adverse effects of macrolides

answer

GI effects with erythromycin>>N/V, diarrhea, hepatotoxicity, flatulence, jaundice, anorexia QT prolongation, palpitations, chest pain, hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, dizziness

question

what are the 2 properties that macrolides possess that can cause drug interactions?

answer

they are metabolized by the liver (CP450 enzymes), and they are highly protein bound

question

macrolide interactions?

answer

-carbamezapine, cyclosporine, theophylline, warfarin>>results in enhanced effects and possible toxicity -reduce efficacy of oral contraceptives -not to be used with moxifloxacin, pimozide, thioridazine, and other drugs that prolong QT interval because malignant dysrhythmias can occur

question

are tetracyclines bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

answer

bacteriostatic

question

should erythromycin be taken on an empty stomach?

answer

yes, but due to high incidences of stomach irritation it can be taken with a meal or snack

question

erythromycin indications

answer

infections of resp. and GI tracts and skin caused by various gram-positive, gram-negative, and miscellaneous organisms

question

tetracyclines MOA

answer

inhibit protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria by binding to the 30S bacterial ribosome

question

tetracyclines bind (chelate) to which ions to form insoluble complexes?

answer

Ca, Mg, Al

question

tetracyclines should not be administered with what due to reduced oral absorption of tetracyclines?

answer

dairy products, antacids, or iron salts

question

why should tetracyclines be avoided in children under 8 and in pregnant/lactating women?

answer

discoloration of the teeth will occur if the drug binds to the calcium in the teeth

question

Rickettsia, chlamydia, and mycoplasma organisms are killed by which class of drugs?

answer

tetracyclines

question

tetracyclines indications?

answer

acne, chlamydia, mycoplasma pneumonia, rickettsia (Q fever, rickettsial pox, RM spotted fever, typhus), chancroid, cholera, shigellosis, lyme disease, H. pylori infections associated with peptic ulcer disease), syphilis (alternative for penicillin allergy), balantidiasis

question

tetracyclines contraindications

answer

drug allergy, pregnant and nursing women and in children under 8

question

tetracycline adverse effects?

answer

discoloration of teeth, retard fetal skeletal development, photosensitivity, alteration of intestinal and vaginal flora>>diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis, vaginal candidiasis, reversible bulging fontanelles in neonates, thrombocytopenia, coagulation irregularities, hemolytic anemia, gastric upset, enterocolitis, maculopapular rash, exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus

question

tetracycline interactions

answer

-oral absorption reduced with>>antacids, antidiarrheals, dairy, calcium, enteral feedings, iron preps -potentiate effects of oral anticoagulants -antagonize effects of bactericidal antibiotics and oral contraceptives -cause increased blood urea nitrogen levels

question

before beginning antibiotic therapy what should you assess for?

answer

-drug allergies, liver/renal/cardiac function -obtain patient's immune status -ESSENTIAL to obtain cultures from appropriate sites BEFORE beginning antibiotic therapy -S/S of superinfection>>fever, perineal itching, cough, lethargy, unusual discharge

question

why should you check the name of the medication before administering?

answer

there are many drugs that sound alike and have similar spellings

question

When completing an admission assessment, the patient states that she is allergic to sulfa drugs. What will the nurse do next? A) Mark the allergy on her medical record. B) Place an "allergy" armband on the patient. C) Ask the patient for more information about the allergic reaction she had. D) Notify the physician about the patient's allergy.

answer

C) Ask the patient for more information about the allergic reaction she had.

question

what are the most common adverse effects of antibiotics?

answer

N/V, diarrhea

question

all oral antibiotics are absorbed better if taken with?

answer

6-8 oz of water

question

A patient has a prescription for a sulfa drug as treatment for a urinary tract infection. She is also taking an oral contraceptive, an oral sulfonylurea antidiabetic drug, and phenytoin for a history of seizures. Which drug may pose a potential serious interaction with the sulfa drug? A) The oral contraceptive B) The oral antidiabetic drug C) The phenytoin D) All of these

answer

D) All of these The combination of the sulfa drug with the oral contraceptive may reduce the effectiveness of the contraceptive. The combination with the oral antidiabetic drug may potentiate the hypoglycemic effect of the sulfonylurea drug, while the combination with the phenytoin may potentiate the toxic effects of the phenytoin.

question

with sulfonamides, what should you asses for before beginning therapy?

answer

assess RBCs

question

with sulfonamides, should oral doses be taken with food?

answer

yes

question

how much fluids should a patient ingest when taking sulfonamides?

answer

2000-3000 mL of fluid every 24 hours

question

should oral doses of penicillins be taken with juices?

answer

no, they should be taken with water because acidic fluids may nullify the drug's antibacterial action

question

how long should you monitor a patient taking penicillin for an allergic reaction?

answer

at least 30 minutes after admin

question

with cephalosporins, what should you assess for prior to beginning therapy?

answer

penicillin allergy

question

with cephalosporins, should orally administered forms be given with food?

answer

yes, this helps to decrease GI upset even though it will delay absorption

question

why should cephalosporins not be taken with alcohol?

answer

may cause a disulfiram-like reaction Symptoms include flushing of the skin, accelerated heart rate, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, throbbing headache, visual disturbance, mental confusion, postural syncope, and circulatory collapse

question

are macrolides protein bound?

answer

YES. They are HIGHLY protein bound and will cause SEVERE interactions with other protein-bound drugs

question

with oral erythromycin, should it be taken on an empty stomach?

answer

absorption is enhanced when taken on an empty stomach, but due to GI upset, many drugs are taken after a meal or snack

question

what should you avoid when taking tetracyclines?

answer

milk products, iron preparations, antacids, and other dairy products because of the chelation and drug-binding that occurs

question

when taking tetracyclines, all medications should be given with?

answer

6-8 oz of fluid, preferably water

question

people taking tetracyclines should avoid what environments?

answer

sunlight and tanning beds due to photosensitivity

question

what therapeutic effects should you monitor for?

answer

disappearance of fever, lethargy, drainage, and redness

question

with penicillins, what should you assess for in regards to patient history?

answer

a patient history of asthma, sensitivity to multiple allergens, aspirin allergy, and sensitivity to cephalosporins because these are associated with a higher risk for penicillin allergy

question

with penicillins, why is it important to do an assessment of serum sodium and potassium levels?

answer

if a patient has heart failure, fluid overload, or cardiac dysrhythmias a high sodium or potassium level could lead to exacerbation of these problems

question

why is it important to assess baseline cardiac function with documentation of vital signs with macrolides?

answer

because these drugs may lead to palpitations, chest pain, and ECG changes

question

special consideration should be given to concurrent use of a macrolide with which drugs?

answer

warfarin, digoxin, and theophylline because it can result in toxicity of latter drugs

question

macrolides reduce the effectiveness of what drugs?

answer

oral contraceptives

question

tetracyclines can reduce the effectiveness of what drugs?

answer

oral contraceptives

question

why should you assess a patient taking oral anticoagulants with tetracyclines?

answer

because of possible potentiation of bleeding

question

if signs of a hypersensitivity reaction occur, what is the first thing you should do?

answer

stop the dosage form immediately, contact the prescriber, and monitor the patient closely

question

sulfonamides needs to be avoided in patients with?

answer

G6PD and slow acetylation

question

mucocutaneous, GI, hepatic, and hematologic complications may be fatal in nature with which class of drug?

answer

sulfonamides

question

can the natural flora be killed off by penicillins?

answer

yes, causing C. dif to overgrow

question

should macrolides be given with fruit?

answer

macrolides are NOT to be given with or immediately before or after fruit juices to avoid interaction with the drug

question

when taking macrolides, what should you encourage the patient to report immediately?

answer

chest pain, palpitations, dizziness, jaundice, rash, hearing loss

question

with tetracyclines, what should you continually monitor for?

answer

diarrhea or vaginal yeast infections due to altered intestinal/vaginal flora

question

what foods help to prevent superinfections?

answer

yogurt, buttermilk, and kefir

question

with penicillins, what drinks should be avoided?

answer

citrus fruit, cola beverages, fruit juices, tomato juice, caffeine

question

with cephalosporins, advise the patient to report unresolved GI upset such as?

answer

diarrhea and nausea

question

A patient is scheduled for colorectal surgery tomorrow. He does not have sepsis, his WBC count is normal, he has no fever, and he is otherwise in good health. However, there is an order to administer an antibiotic on call before he goes to surgery. The nurse knows that the rationale for this antibiotic order is to a. provide empiric therapy. b. provide prophylactic therapy. c. treat for a superinfection. d. reduce the number of resistant organisms.

answer

b. provide prophylactic therapy.

question

A teenage patient is taking a tetracycline drug as part of treatment for severe acne. When the nurse teaches this patient about drug-related precautions, which is the most important information to convey? a. When the acne clears up, the medication may be discontinued. b. This medication needs to be taken with antacids to reduce GI upset. c. The patient needs to use sunscreen or avoid exposure to sunlight, because this drug may cause photosensitivity. d. The teeth should be observed closely for signs of mottling or other color changes.

answer

c. The patient needs to use sunscreen or avoid exposure to sunlight, because this drug may cause photosensitivity.

question

A newly admitted patient reports a penicillin allergy. The prescriber has ordered a second-generation cephalosporin as part of the therapy. Which nursing action is appropriate? a. Call the prescriber to clarify the order because of the patient's allergy. b. Give the medication, and monitor for adverse effects. c. Ask the pharmacy to change the order to a first-generation cephalosporin. d. Administer the drug with a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug to reduce adverse effects.

answer

a. Call the prescriber to clarify the order because of the patient's allergy.

question

During patient education regarding an oral macrolide such as erythromycin, the nurse will include which information? a. If GI upset occurs, the drug will have to be stopped. b. The drug needs to be taken with an antacid to avoid GI problems. c. The patient needs to take each dose with a sip of water. d. The patient may take the drug with a small snack to reduce GI irritation.

answer

d. The patient may take the drug with a small snack to reduce GI irritation.

question

A woman who has been taking an antibiotic for a UTI calls the nurse practitioner to complain of severe vaginal itching. She has also noticed a thick, whitish vaginal discharge. The nurse practitioner suspects that a. this is an expected response to antibiotic therapy. b. the UTI has become worse instead of better. c. a superinfection has developed. d. the UTI is resistant to the antibiotic.

answer

c. a superinfection has developed.

question

The nurse is reviewing the orders for wound care, which include use of an antiseptic. Which statements best describe the use of antiseptics? (Select all that apply.) a. Antiseptics are appropriate for use on living tissue. b. Antiseptics work by sterilizing the surface of the wound. c. Antiseptics are applied to nonliving objects to kill microorganisms. d. The patient's allergies must be assessed before using the antiseptic. e. Antiseptics are used to inhibit the growth of microorganisms on the wound surface.

answer

a. Antiseptics are appropriate for use on living tissue. d. The patient's allergies must be assessed before using the antiseptic. e. Antiseptics are used to inhibit the growth of microorganisms on the wound surface.

question

The nurse is reviewing the orders for a patient who has been admitted for treatment of pneumonia. The antibiotic orders include an order for doxycycline. However, when the patient is asked about his allergies, he lists "doxycycline" as one of his allergies. What is the nurse's priority action at this time? a. Call the prescriber to clarify the order because of the patient's allergy. b. Ask the patient to explain what happened when he had the allergic reaction. c. Ask the pharmacy to order a different antibiotic. d. Administer the drug with an antihistamine to reduce adverse effects.

answer

b. Ask the patient to explain what happened when he had the allergic reaction.

question

What is the priority assessment data for a client prescribed antibiotic therapy? A. Allergies B. Immunizations C. History of seizures D. Cardiac dysrhythmias

answer

A. Allergies Antibiotic allergy is one of the most common drug allergies. An allergic reaction that occurs after administration of an antibiotic has the potential to cause severe anaphylaxis and possible death.

question

Which information should the nurse include in discharge teaching for a client prescribed doxycycline (Vibramycin)? A. "Keep the remainder of the medication in case of recurrence." B. "Take the medication until you have no fever and feel better." C. "Apply sunscreen or wear protective clothing when outdoors." D. "Take the medication with milk to minimize gastrointestinal upset."

answer

C. "Apply sunscreen or wear protective clothing when outdoors." Photosensitivity is a common adverse effect of doxycycline, a tetracycline antibiotic. The client should avoid direct sun exposure and tanning bed use while taking this medication. Exposure to the sun can cause severe burns.

question

Which adverse effect can result if tetracycline is administered to children younger than 8 years of age? A. Drug-induced neurotoxicity B. Delayed growth development C. Gastrointestinal (GI) and rectal bleeding D. Permanent discoloration of the teeth

answer

D. Permanent discoloration of the teeth Tetracycline is contraindicated in children younger than 8 years of age because it can cause permanent discoloration of the adult teeth and tooth enamel, which are still forming in the child.

question

A client who is allergic to penicillin is at increased risk for an allergy to which drug? A. Erythromycin (E-mycin) B. Gentamicin (Garamycin) C. Cefazolin sodium (Ancef) D. Demeclocycline (Declomycin)

answer

C. Cefazolin sodium (Ancef) Clients who are allergic to penicillins have an increased risk of allergy to other beta-lactam antibiotics. The incidence of cross-reactivity between cephalosporins and penicillins is reported to be between 1% and 4%.

question

When planning care for a client receiving a sulfonamide antibiotic, it is important for the nurse to perform which intervention? A. Encourage fluid intake of 2000 to 3000 mL/day. B. Avoid direct sun exposure and tanning beds. C. Take the medication with dairy products such as milk or yogurt. D. Advise the client to report any tinnitus to the health care provider.

answer

A. Encourage fluid intake of 2000 to 3000 mL/day. Clients should be encouraged to drink plenty of fluids (2000 to 3000 mL/24 hours) to prevent drug-related crystalluria associated with sulfonamide antibiotics.

question

When administering a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug and a penicillin drug together, the displacement of the penicillin antibiotic from the protein-binding sites will result in which effect? A. Increased free drug in blood B. Decreased free drug in blood C. No change in free drug in blood D. Absence of free drug in the blood

answer

A. Increased free drug in blood Drugs that are not bound to protein are free and thus active to exert their therapeutic (or toxic, if too much free) effect

question

During antibiotic therapy, the nurse will assess the client for a condition that may occur because of the disruption of normal flora. The nurse knows this as what condition? A. Organ toxicity B. Superinfection C. Hypersensitivity D. Allergic reaction

answer

B. Superinfection Superinfections can occur when antibiotic therapy reduces or completely eliminates the normal bacterial flora of the body, which normally would inhibit the overgrowth of fungi and yeast. When the normal bacterial are flora and are reduced or completely eliminated, these organisms can overgrow and cause infections.

question

A client prescribed azithromycin (Zithromax) expresses concern regarding GI upset that was experienced when previously prescribed an erythromycin antibiotic. What is the nurse's best response? A. "Take an over-the-counter antiemetic to lessen the nausea." B. "Stop taking the drug if you experience heartburn and diarrhea." C. "I will call the health care provider and request a different antibiotic." D. "This drug is like erythromycin with less gastrointestinal adverse effects."

answer

D. "This drug is like erythromycin with less gastrointestinal adverse effects." Azithromycin is a newer macrolide antibiotic. It has a longer duration of action, as well as fewer and less severe GI adverse effects than erythromycin.

question

In an effort to prevent superinfections of the GI tract such as Clostridium difficile, the nurse will instruct clients to eat which foods? A. Multigrain wheat bread B. Raw fruits and vegetables C. Cultured dairy products such as yogurt D. Low-fat meats such as chicken and pork

answer

C. Cultured dairy products such as yogurt The natural flora in the GI tract may be killed off by antibiotics, leaving other bacteria such as C. difficile to overgrow. This process may be prevented through consumption of probiotics (e.g., yogurt, buttermilk, kefir).

question

Which statement best describes health care-associated infections? A. They develop in more than 15% of hospitalized clients. B. The infection develops in response to various antibiotics. C. The infection was not incubating at the time of admission. D. Clients are admitted to the hospital with an infectious disease.

answer

C. The infection was not incubating at the time of admission. A health care-associated infection is an infection that is acquired during the course of receiving treatment for another condition in a health care facility. The infection is not present or incubating at the time of admission; also known as a nosocomial infection.

question

A client with a known heart condition is prescribed an antibiotic before a dental procedure. What type of antibiotic therapy is this considered? A. Empiric B. Definitive C. Supportive D. Prophylactic

answer

D. Prophylactic Prophylactic antibiotic therapy is used to prevent infections in individuals who are at high risk of development of an infection during or after a procedure. The antibiotics are given before the procedure for prophylactic treatment.

question

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics can occur with which situations? (Select all that apply.) A. Clients stop taking an antibiotic when they feel better. B. Antibiotics that are prescribed to treat a viral infection C. Taking an antibiotic and an antiviral medication at the same time D. Microorganisms arriving from foreign countries and overseas ports E. Antibiotics that are prescribed according to culture and sensitivity reports

answer

A. Clients stop taking an antibiotic when they feel better. B. Antibiotics that are prescribed to treat a viral infection Not completing a full course of antibiotic therapy can allow bacteria that are not killed but have been exposed to the antibiotic to adapt their physiology to become resistant to that antibiotic. Administering antibiotics to treat viral infections is not effective and may expose small amounts of bacteria that may be present to the antibiotic and therefore risk the development of resistance.

chapter 38: antibiotics part 1 – Flashcards

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