Chapter 37 Anesthesia & Pain Control – Flashcards
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Analgesia
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Stage of anesthesia in which the patient is relaxed & conscious
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Anesthesia
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Temporary loss of feeling or sensation
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Anesthetic
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Medication that produces temporary loss of felling or sensation
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Aspirate
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To draw back or to draw within
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Diffuse
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To spread from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration
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Duration
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Time from induction to complete reversal of anesthesia
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Gauge
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Standard dimension or measurement of the thickness of an injection needle
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Introduction
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Time from injection to effective anesthesia
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Innervation
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Supply or distribution of nerves to a special body part
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Lumen
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The hollow center of the injection needle
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Oximetry
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Measurement of oxygen concentration in the blood
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Permeate
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To spread or flow throughout
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Porous
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Describe an object with minute opening that allows the passage of gas or fluid
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Systemic toxicity
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Related to a system or typically the entire body
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Tidal volume
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Amount of air inhaled & exhaled with each breath
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Titrate
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To determine the concentration of a substance
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Titration
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The process of determination the exact amount of a drug or substance that would be used to achieve a desired level of sedation
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Vasoconstrictor
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Type of drug that constricts (narrow) blood vessels; used to prolong anesthetic action
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The _____ of the anesthetic syringe locks into the rubber stopper of the anesthetic cartridge so that the stopper can be retracted by pulling back on the piston rod.
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Harpoon
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The most frequently used form of pain control in dentistry is:
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Local anesthesia
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To be certain the anesthetic solution is not injected into a blood vessel, the dentist:
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Always aspirate before depositing any solution Uses an aspirating syringe
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Intravenous sedation:
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may be monitored by a certified dental assistant in some states after completion of a board-certified course.
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Which type of local anesthetic would be used for a patient with a medical history that indicates a recent myocardial infarction?
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Lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine ?? Mepivacaine with 1:20,000 Neo-Cobefrin
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_____ anesthesia is frequently used on the mandibular teeth and is injected near a major nerve that numbs the entire area served by that nerve branch.
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Block
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Anesthesia is defined as:
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the temporary loss of feeling or sensation.
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Most surgical procedures are scheduled in the _____, because patients must not eat or drink for 8 to 12 hours before receiving general anesthesia.
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early morning
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The color-coding system for anesthetic cartridges allows the practitioner to select the correct anesthetic solution by distinguishing the correct _____ solution.
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brand of ratio of
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The agents that provide a temporary numbing effect on nerve endings located on the surface of the oral mucosa are:
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Tropical anesthesia
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_____ is achieved by injecting the anesthetic solution directly into the tissue at the site of the dental procedure and is generally used on the maxillary teeth.
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Infiltration anesthesia
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Absolute medical contraindications to nitrous oxide use
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do not exist, but certain conditions make it a poor choice for some patients
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Nitrous oxide oxygen administration always begins and ends with:
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the patient breathing 100% oxygen taking the patient's blood pressure and temperature.
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Which of the following ratios of vasoconstrictor to local anesthetic would contain the highest level of vasoconstrictor?
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1:20,000 ??
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Nitrous oxide/oxygen analgesia use in dentistry dates back to 1844 and is also known as:
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inhalation sedation.
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Which of the following choices represents the lowest ratio, meaning greatest concentration, of vasoconstrictor
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1:200,000 ??
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Tropical anesthesia
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Primary purpose of tropical anesthesia in dentistry is to provide a numbing effect in a specific area where an injection is to take place Provide temporary numbing effect on nerve endings located on the surface of the oral mucosa Drugs in tropical anesthetics are concentrated to allow penetration of the mucosa membranes ; action at the nerve endings Available in ointments, liquid, sprays, ; patches with each form having a slightly different application process Ointment-remain on site of injection for a minimum of 15-30 seconds ; a maximum of 1-2 minutes to have optimum effectiveness Are applied to larger areas of the oral tissue Are useful when they are applied to the back of the throat in patients with a strong gag reflex Sprays- could pose a potential danger if too much is administered Are prepared in higher concentration, would be be absorbed into the bloodstream, possibly causing an overdose reaction to the anesthetic Patch- when placed provides tropical anesthesia within 10 seconds. Used for injections ; for alleviation of discomfort from denture sores ; oral ulcers
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Local anesthesia
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Discovered in mid-1800's & have greatly reduced pain during dental care Most frequently used form of pain control in dentistry Provides a safe, effective & dependable method of anesthesia of suitable duration for virtually all forms of dental treatment
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Characteristics of local anesthetics
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Nonirritating to tissue in the area of the injection Associated with minimal toxicity (caused the least possible damage to body systems) Rapid onset (take effect quickly) Able to provide profound anesthesia (completely eliminate the sensation of pain during a procedure) Sufficient duration (remain effective long enough for the procedure to completed) Completely reversible (leave the tissue in its original state after the patients recovery from anesthesia) Sterile or capable of being sterilized by heat without deterioration
