question

Interstitial Fluid

answer

*AKA Extracellular fluid *AKA the outside environment *Fluid that is outside of the cell (watery medium) **Separated by a plasma membrane boundry

question

Plasma Membrane

answer

*AKA Boundary *Boundary that seperates the cells contents from the interstitial fluid (the environment) *A way that cells talk to one another.

question

Types of Cells in Body

answer

1. Somatic Cell - Normal body Cells prefix Soma = "body" 2. Germ cell (sex cell) - Egg/sperm cells

question

Cytology

answer

Study of cells "Ctyo" = Cell "Ology" = Study of

question

Robert Hooke

answer

First discovered the existence of cells through dead cork slides.

question

Who named "Nucleus?"

answer

Robert Brown

question

Cell Theory: What is is and who established it?

answer

Established by Schleiden and Schwann States that: *All organisms are made up of cells *Cell is a functional unit of life *Smallest living unit *Cells arise from preexisting cells - There's no longer a spontaneous generation

question

Cell Technology

answer

Opened up a NEW WORLD for people to see that there's a smaller world, unavailable to the naked eye.

question

Bacteria are what kinds of cells?

answer

Prokaryotic Cells

question

Eukaryotic Cells Characteristics

answer

They are with nucleus. *Eu - True (nucleus) Contain MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES (such as nucleus, lysosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Peroxisomes *larger than Prokaryotic cells *have nucleus *DNA in linear chromosomes

question

Membrane Bound Organelle

answer

Definition: Seperates their interiors by a bilipid layer from cytosol) *Nucleus *Endoplasmic Reticulum --Smooth ER (no ribosomes) --Rough ER (ribosomes) --Golgi Body (synchronized with rough ER) *Mitochondria

question

Non-Membrane Bound Organelle

answer

*Ribosomes *Various vesicles -lysosomes -perioxisome *Cytoskeleton Centrosome and Centrioles Microvili Flagella Cilia Proteasomes

question

Prokaryotic Cells Characteristics

answer

*Do not have organelles -Meaning, Prokaryotic cells aren't as efficient at cell mechanisms. *Smaller than Eukaryotic *No organelles *No Nucleus *Have DNA in a circular loop; or in plasmids

question

How Are Eukaryotic Cells More Advanced?

answer

Eukaryotic cells are allowed to work faster and more efficiently , considering their organelles are in their own membranes. By sectioning off certain innerworkings of the cell, it leads to specialization. So the cell can work on its specific areas with no disruption. Similar to having one big house. You have to have walls to separate the rest of the rooms, otherwise you can never get anything done in that one room. EUKARYOTIC CELLS ARE ALLOWED TO BE INDIVIDUALIZED THIS WAY.

question

Plasma Membrane Composition

answer

*Lipid bilayer is made up of PHOSPHOLIPS (phosphorus head which is hydrophillic) (Lipid head that is hydrophobic) *Different kinds of proteins interspersed; -Channels -Transports -Pumps - Require ATP because it's active transport - Receptors - Inside cell and outside

question

DNA containing region?

answer

Nucleus

question

What is Microscopy?

answer

Using microscopes to see small items

question

What does a Condenser on a Microscope do?

answer

Focuses light through specimen

question

What does a Diaphragm of a Microscope do?

answer

Focuses amount of light through specimen

question

Photoautorophs

answer

Light energy turns into glucose *ex. Plants

question

Gamma Rays on Electromagnetic Spectrum

answer

Highest energy; Shortest waves. Blue/Violet

question

Visible light

answer

*The light that photoautotrophs use for energy *Visible light is 380-750

question

TEM Microsope

answer

*Transmission Electron Microscope *Using Electrons ----> Cells must be dehydrated *Embeded in wax *Cuts cell in half to see the cross section of cell

question

Magnification increases.....

answer

With shorter reflective waves of light. KTP THOUGHT (The longer waves cannot penetrate as deeply, so they cannot see as closely. You can use the shorter waves (on the Gamma side of the spectrum, the left, and you can penetrate like the harmful waves do. So using electrons is the ultimate way to view something small because you're using the most dangerous way to do so)

question

SEM Microscope

answer

*Scanning Electron Microscope *Not in color. *Electrons bounce off of the item and are collected to see the picture *Views surface detail

question

Phase-Contrast

answer

You can see things in 3D and you can see through the cytoplasm

question

98.6 in Metric

answer

37 Centigrade

question

"Fluid Mosaic Model"

answer

*Consists of double layer of phospholipids *Adjusts to changing in the environment *The membrane is the first line of defense. *Cholesterol is what keeps this "fluid" composition, which is 25% of make up. ---More cholesterol, more fluidity *Just like how phospholipids in plasma membrane have hydrophillic and hydrophobic sections, the protein does too. The same areas that the phospholipids do.

question

What Cell Responds to

answer

Hormones and Enzymes

question

Hydrophobic Tails

answer

Fatty Acid

question

Hydrophillic Head

answer

Glycerol + Polar Group

question

Membrane of cell consists of:

answer

*Phospholipid (not changing) *Protein molecules (changing)

question

Glycoproteins (MARKERS)

answer

Gly - Sugar - Carbohydrate + Protein Protein with a Carbohydrate component Due to the carbohydrates naturally occurring in the cell's membrane

question

Glycolipids (MARKERS)

answer

Gly - Sugar - Carbohydrate + Lipid Lipid with a carbohydrate component Due to the carbohydrates naturally occurring in the cell's membrane

question

Glycocalyx

answer

Made up of Glycolipids and GlycoProteins (remember that lipids and proteins already exist in a majority of the cell. The carbohydrate 3% is also there, and they bond to make Glycolipids and GlycoProteins) Functions: Lubrication: On outside of the cell Anchoring: Is a sticky residue on outside of membrane Receptors: binding specific extracellular compounds Recognition: Can recognize the glycoproteins and glycolipids as "it's own" so cell of the immune system know it's "self" and not "foreign" ^^^ This helps your body not attack its own cells and attack pathogens with no the same glycocalyx composition instead. *Ex. Human egg cells have a lot of Glycocalyx to stick, and to identify that it's a good cell and not an invader.

question

Integral Protein Within Plasma Membrane

answer

*AKA transmembrane Protein *Extends into or all the way through bilipid layer, (trans = through) ---- (ex glycoproteins)

question

Channel Protein Within Plasma Membrane

answer

*Have a pore or hole allowing single types of ions and water to pass (because ions cannot dissolve in lipids, hence cannot cross phosopholipid bilayer) *selective channels *Controlled by proteins *Allows one ion at a time

question

Receptor Protein Within Plasma Membrane

answer

*Serves as a cellular recognition site binding to specific molecule (hormones) *Sensitive to ligands (small ion like calcium, or hormones) that come upon a cell's membrane and will bind to the approperate receptor and will trigger change in the cell. ----Ex. Insulin, to change glucose intake levels.

question

Transporter Protein In Plasma Membrane

answer

*change shape to accommodate molecule (amino acids)

question

Colloid

answer

A solution containing dispersed proteins or other large molecules. *thick and Jell-O consistency.

question

Cytosol

answer

LIQUID part of inside the cell *contains disolved nutrients, ions, soluble and insoluble proteins, and waste products.

question

Cytoplasm

answer

Material located from the Plasma Membrane, all the way to the nucleus. *Contains mostly proteins and organelles (Cytoplasms CONTAIN Cytosol)

question

Salt Ions within Cellular Interaction

answer

Na+ (Sodium) is always HIGHER outside of the cell; Higher in the extracellular fluid outside the cell. KTP IDEA (Sodium=bad. So keep it outside. Grosso.

question

Potassium within Cellular Interaction

answer

K+ (Potassum) is higher in the cytosol inside the cell; Lower in the extracellular fluid outside the cell. KTP IDEA (Potassium = Good. Keep it inside (BANANAS. YIPPIE!))

question

Viscosity of Cytosol

answer

Determined by amounts of enzymes and the cytoskeleton

question

Mitochondria

answer

*Makes ATP through Krebs Cycle ---heart makes a lot of mitochondria because of the amount of energy(ATP) it needs to always be beating/pumping blood. ---Liver cells need the same thing, for they are always filtrating blood.

question

Nucleolus

answer

Where Ribosomes are made and held *Stores ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins that will be assembled into ribosomal subunits

question

Loosely assembled DNA

answer

*Found in the perimeter of the nucleus (not nucleolous) *Loosely assembled for easy access to replicate

question

Chromatin

answer

Loosely assembled DNA *grannular looking DNA

question

Chromosome

answer

Tightly wound DNA, like a spring so you don't lose pieces of DNA. *The only time you see chromosomes is during mitosis Some- Body. A fully composed body ready to run the race of mitosis.

question

Function of Organelles

answer

*To COMPARTMENTALIZE cellular activities: separate incompatible reaction w/o interference of other reactions from other organelles = greater efficiency ^^ -------->>> this is what makes eukaryotic cells more complex and advanced. *STORAGE *PROTECTION OF VITAL STRUCTURE

question

Nucleus Functions

answer

*Nucleus is the command and control center, control of metabolism and development of the cell *

question

Nucleotides

answer

Building blocks of Amino Acids ---Phosphate grou, five carbon sugar, nitrogenous base.

question

Gene Expression

answer

All of the chromosomes are inherited, but only if the gene is "turned on" it will be expressed through GENE EXPRESSION. *It changes the way DNA expresses itself, as to make a specific tissue or express a certain characteristic

question

Histones

answer

Histones = Protein. Histone are the smaller pebbles that the DNA wraps around to coil tightly. The GROUPS of HISTONES that the DNA bundle around maker bigger balls, called Nucleosome Like thread winds around a spool, DNA winds around histones (proteins) to make a nucleosome (which are bigger balls than the histones Nuclosomes form chromatin to tightly compact a lot of information into a small space. *found within nucleolus *Helps with gene expression

question

Ribosome

answer

*Help protein synthesis Consists of two subunits. Large and small subunit. ---these come into play during TRANSLATION of mRNA strand making a tRNA to make the final polypeptide (Polypeptide = a chain composed of a lot of amino acids). *Organelles responsible for protein synthesis. *higher the demand for more proteins in a particular cell, thehighest the ribosome number will be ---ex. Liver cells produce more blood proteins. More ribosomes needed than liver.

question

Nucleus Pores allow exchange between....

answer

Cytoplasm and extracellular fluid *Allows mRNA to leave the nucleus

question

The only cell without nucleus

answer

RED BLOOD CELL It's mature and realizes that the only way to support his family that depends on him (the body) is to drop the habit of having a nucleus and be a man; he must obtain a hemoglobin and provide oxygen. He must bring home that bacon.

question

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) includes

answer

1) Golgi Bodies 2) Lysosomes 3) Peroxisomes

question

Smooth ER

answer

*No ribosomes 1) *Involved with synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol for membranes (lipids to reconstruct the bilipid membrane layer) *Storage of triglycerides *Synthesis of steroid hormones Synthesis of GLYCOGEN in BOTH SKELETAL MUSCLE AND LIVER 2) Detoxification of metabolic wastes and drugs *ex. Liver has a lot of Smooth ER to get rid of toxins

question

Rough ER

answer

Fixed Ribosomes on surface 1) Protein synthesis - Polypeptides (many Amino Acids in a sequence) are exported from ER to go into Golgi, where they are modified (folded to whatever protein) 2) Proteins are modified and joined with a carbohydrate (undergoing Glycosylation) to be shipped to Golgi via transport vesicles

question

Glycosylation

answer

The processes needed to form a carbohydrate and a protein together to make a glycoprotein. *GLYCOSYLATION HAPPENS WITHIN THE ROUGH ER

question

Glycoproteins

answer

Important for hormone and enzyme creation and for markers for the cell.

question

Golgi Bodies/Apparatus

answer

*Appears to be like stacked pancakes 1) Renews or modifies plasma membrane 2) Prepares secretions for export ---Can fold proteins into their tertiary structure or whatever needed in the cell/body 3) Labels molecules ****Any of the proteins it exports are done through Exocytosis through vesicles that BUD OFF and head into cytoplasm to where it might be needed ---The cell membrane ---Outside of the cell into the interstitial fluid

question

Lysosomes

answer

**Produced at the Golgi Apparatus. *Filled with digestive enzymes (Hydrolytic) Helps take unfamiliar particles within the cell or surface of cell and eliminate them 1)Digestion of bacteria through intracellular digestion through Macrophages 2)Isolate toxic chemicals 3) Break down old organelles = Atrophy ---To break down old organelle (for example, RER) into little pieces (like you would do a car for scrap metal) and reuse the parts elsewhere. ---To cause Autolysis by releasing digestive enzymes to kill cell when time is needed.

question

"Lysis" prefix

answer

=Splitting "Lysosomes"

question

"Some" Suffuix

answer

=Body "Somatic Cell"

question

"Atrophy" Definition

answer

To break something down when old or unused

question

Autolysis

answer

Programmed Cellular Death through release of destructive enzymes released by LYSOSOMES. (NOT ORGANISMAL DEATH) Doesn't always have to be the whole organism that dies, it could just be part of the organism, but it's just those specific cells that die. Ex. The tail of a tadpole dies off, so those specific cells undergo apoptosis as an understood that a tadpole looses its tail to become a frog. Called AutoLYSIS because they are directly involved with Lysosomes.

question

Apoptosis

answer

(Programmed Cellular Death) by some gene or biological reasoning.

question

Perioxisome

answer

*Similar to Lysosomes, but they're smaller *Way to remember called PERIOXI(Sounds like peroxide) *Perioxisomes are produced at Golgi Appartatus *After breaking down fatty acids, they produce H2O2 in cell (PEROXIDE). This creates free radical. ---This H2O2 is used by macrophages to kill substances like alcohol and toxins ----Perioxisomes are usually found in the LIVER or kidneys. For detoxification *H2O2 is then broken down into water and oxygen and leaves the cell.

question

rRNA structure

answer

Made of large and small Ribosomes that help mRNA transfer over to tRNA to help make POLYPEPTIDE to be used as a protein later.

question

Free Ribosomes

answer

Make proteins that function IN THE cytosol (WITHIN THE CELL) **Can be chillin and moving around anywhere because they're still gonna be used in the cell. They don't have to be bound anywhere to prepare its off products to be shipped off.

question

Attached Ribosomes

answer

Make Proteins to export. Must be stationary so they know exactly where to go to leave the cell

question

Direction (And explained) Protein synthesis

answer

*First happening within the nucleus, a DNA gene is reproduced in the way of transcription into a mRNA. *mRNA is moved out of the nucleus through the nucleus pore (the mRNA can leave the nucleus because it doesn't contain the nitrogenous base Thymine, instead it contains uracil) *mRNA attaches to a ribosome (either attached on ER or free ribosome in cytoplasm) and there translation happens by having tRNA make a polypeptide chain with all the Amino Acids. *The polypeptide chain then moves into the ER where it begins to be folded into it's 3D shape, where it becomes a real protein. ---protein might undergo Glycosylation, where it is turned into a glycoprotein. (added carbohydrate to the protein). *Protein needs to be modified even more, so it is buddeed off by a transport vesicle, and is sent through the Cyst of the Golgi Apparatus where further modifications happen. *Vesicles bud off with modified proteins from the Golgi Apparatus, where it preforms Exocytosis to be released outside of the cell.

question

Vacuoles (Vesicles)

answer

*Double membrane Storage Areas for; *Food *Water *Waste Central Vacuole is important for plant cells, it holds the nutrients for them "because they can't go to the water fountain" Adipocyte - Fat cell. Holds fat within that vacuoles

question

Proteosomes

answer

BREAKING DOWN OF PROTEINS. FOR REUSE. *Contains protein digesting enzymes, or PROTEASES. *Removes only proteins that are denatured or damaged. ---the broken down amino acids are released back into cytoplasm for reuptake and reuse for transcription.

question

Proteases

answer

Protein digesting enzymes. Found within Proteosomes

question

Mitochondria

answer

*"Powerhouse of the cell" *Only in Eukaryotes.

question

Cellular Respiration

answer

Is also the Krebs Cycle that makes ATP.

question

Two Main kids of respiration

answer

Anarobic - Occurs in cytosol only. Makes 4 ATP. Occurs through glycolysis. Aerobic - Occurs in mitochondria

question

Anarobic

answer

Without Oxygen- *This makes ATP without oxygen. Occurs in cytosol through glycolysis (breaking up of glucose molecules (6 carbon ) ----> 2 pyruvic acids.

question

Anerobic

answer

With Oxygen. Produces 95% of ATP in the cell. Occurs within Mitochondria.

question

Hydrolysis

answer

Adding water, you're breaking the two chemically bounded substances apart. Ex. The piece of hard candy. With the introduction of saliva, the candy breaks down and becomes simplized for you to digest. Also called digestion Reverse of Dehydration synthesis.

question

Dehydration Synthesis

answer

By taking away water, you're adding two chemical substances together. ex. The piece of hard candy is assembled and made by taking out the water and making a complete substance of solid molecules . Reverse of Hydrolysis.

question

Glycolysis

answer

Breaking down of glucose into two three carbon molecules = pyruvates

question

Phosphorlyation

answer

Connects phophrus bonds together to make ADP to ATP.

question

Glycolysis

answer

6 carbon sugar (glucose) ----breaks down---> two 3 carbon

question

Cytoskeleton

answer

*Protein fillaments that are like saffolding that holds up the organelles. ---they move organelles to other side of the cell for their benefit. *EXTREMELY DYNAMIC. Like a lasso to move organelles to where it needs to be. Functions; * Support of organelles *movement and transports cell parts *Reinforce and organize (like scaffold) *Strength and Shape

question

Three types of motor proteins

answer

1) Microfilaments (smallest) 2) Intermediate Filaments 3)Microtubles (largest) ***ALL ASSEMBLED FROM PROTEIN SUBUNITS****

question

Microfilaments

answer

*Smallest of cytoskeletal elements *Composed of Actin *found in periphery of the cell, never in the middle. *they connect the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. *Depending on their thickness in the cell, they determine the consistency of the cytoplasm ***Like minnoes. They're small and little, so they're gonna be on the periphery of the body of water and never in the middle. They're micro. Small. Weeee.

question

Intermediate Filaments

answer

Part of the Cytoskeleton *only in animal cells *Second largest motor protein *most durable of cytoskeletal elements 1) Strengthen cell and gives shape 2) Stabilize organelle 3) Stabilize position of cell in respect to other cells Example is Keratin. It allows stretching of skin and gives durability and toughness to skin and hair.

question

Microtubules

answer

*Largest and thickest part of cytoskeleton fibers. *built from globular protein tublin (TUBLES=TUBLIN) *Assist in moving cell organelles from one side of cell to another. CALLED MOLECULAR MOTOR FOR THIS REASON. ---Ex. in mitosis, when spindle fibers pull chromosomes to either side of the cell.

question

Thick Filaments

answer

Massive bundles appearing only in muscle cells

question

4 Cell Extension Structures

answer

1) Pseudopods 2) Cilia 3) Flagella 4) Microvilli

question

Psedudopod

answer

Cell Extension; Called a "falsefoot" Produced by microfilaments. Seen in macrophages during phagocytosis; ---grabs the bacteria or substance to bring it inside to be exposed to lysosomes to kill the substance.

question

Cilia

answer

Way to clean air that is taken in *found only in respiratory and reproductive system.

question

Flagella

answer

Found only on one human cell; Sperm Used for locomotion

question

Microvili

answer

Used to increase surface area for nutrient absorption. ----found in digestive system to uptake nutrients for digestion.

question

Cilia Structure

answer

Nine PAIRS of microtubules surround a central pair in the middle of the circular formation. *****9+2 array These microtubials are anchored to a basal body just under cell curface as an anchor. KTP THOUGHT (The middle pair is needed to anchor the cilia into the cell body, so it can be connected deep within the plasma membrane)

question

Centrioles Structure

answer

IN ANIMAL CELLS ONLY (not in plants) Microtubials form 9 groups, three in each group. Each of these nine "triplets" is connected to its nearest neighbor with no central microtuble ***Forms 9+0 array 9 groups of three, grouped together with no center. KTP THOUGHT (No central triplet needed because it is free chilin' in the cytosol, and needs not to be anchored)

question

Junctions (three types)

answer

Communcation between cells, as in how they articulate 1) Tight Junctions - cytoskeletal strands FUSE with other cells. ---Epithelial cells 2) Adhering Junctions - cells only weld in one section, because they're stretching and moving a lot ---Heart and skin cells 3) Gap Junctions - Joined at a specific place, but there's a lot of pores and channels open between both sides of the cell.

question

PROKARYOTIC CELL

answer

Bacteria Cells *NO Nucleus *DNA are not double helix, they have a circular chromosome, and bound in a nucleoid. *Smallest cell *Contains a capsule that's composed of polysaccharides. *Surface projections called pili to attach it to surfaces *contain plasmids, which are DNA particles

question

Nucleoid

answer

Non membrane surrounded area where a prokaryotic cell's DNA is found.

question

Plasmid

answer

DNA particles. Antibiotic resistant gene

question

Pili

answer

Found in bacteria Helps attach bacteria to surfaces

question

Glycoproteins

answer

Proteins within the membrane layer, but with carbohydrate groups or OLIGOSACCHARIDES

question

Electrochemical gradient

answer

Concentration of both the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient

question

Passive Transport

answer

*requires no energy 1) Diffusion - Moving high concentration ----> Low concentration through phospholipid layer 2) Facillitated Difussion -

question

Concentration Gradient

answer

The "downhill" slow process. It's the natural way that things should flow. From high concentration to the low. To diffuse outwards

question

Intracellular

answer

Within the cell higher concentration of CO2 and K+ (giving off that CO2 through cellular respiration)

question

Extracellular

answer

Outside of the cell membrane Higher levels of O2 and Na+ (Think that there's more oxygenoutside of the cell because it's coming straight from your blood to the cell.

question

Active Transport

answer

Moves AGAINST concentration gradient, so it used ATP to make exchange. Moves from low concentration to high concentration.

question

Diffusion

answer

Rnadom movement towards a state of equilibrium Moves with concentration gradient.

question

Factors affecting diffusion

answer

Molecular size --smaller molecules move faster because smaller mass Temperature --Higher diffusion rate at higher temperatures because more energy for the particles to move faster Electric or pressure gradient --electrical charge difference across membrane makes it move faster

question

Facillitated Diffusion

answer

Follows Concentration gradient Requires NO ATP Requires gateway - Channel/Carrier transport

question

Channel Proteins

answer

*INTEGRAL PROTEINS Glu T is the glucose transporter protein (water soluble)

question

Ligand

answer

Could be insulin

question

Glu T

answer

The message that the cell needs more insulin to get glucose across the membrane

question

Membrane Potential

answer

The membrane bilayer causes an attraction of charges to one another, creating potential energy, and giving the membrane potential to have energy.

question

Volts

answer

The "force" or potentential difference between the membrane

question

Trans-Membrane potential

answer

.07V or 70mV

question

Osmosis

answer

Follows concentration gradient.

question

Electrical Impulses

answer

Are responsible for transmission of information within the nervous system

question

Cytolysis

answer

The cell will swell with osmosis diffision

question

Plasmolysis

answer

The cell will shrink

question

Cell Water/Salt Composure

answer

Cell is 95% water 5% solute. Always.

question

Sodium/Potassium Pump

answer

This is active transport and requires ATP One ATP ticket is required for a "fare" and gives you 3 sodium ions out of the cell, and 2 potassium reclaimed to equal homeostasis. After the leaking has happened of Potassium and Sodium ions, there needs to be an exchange to get them backwhere the belong. So the sodium potassium pump comes along and requires ATP to work against concentration gradient. One ATP will get 3 Sodium out of the cell cytoplasm, and will bring 2 Potassium molecules back within the cell's cytoplasm

question

Semi Permable

answer

This is concerning the size of the carrier. Only a certain size of something can come within the cell/without

question

Selectively Permable

answer

That depends on the charge of the substance trying to come in or out Anions have a hard time coming into the cell because of the cell's negative charge

question

Nucleotide

answer

One structure that makes up a whole DNA strand *Phosptate backbone *5 Carbon sugar *Nitrognous base

question

Purine

answer

Has "larger garage" Either Adenine, Guanine, or uracil as a purine. (Smaller word has larger garage) THIS CONCERNS THE CHEMICAL MAKE UP

question

Pyrimidine

answer

Has "smaller garage" Thymine and Cytosine "Larger word has smaller garage" THIS CONCERNS THE CHEMICAL MAKE UP AND BAKCBONE OF THE NUCLEOTIDE

question

How are nucleotides joined together?

answer

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS (TAKING THE WATER MOLECULE OUT TO BUILD UP THIS DNA MOLECULE)

question

Genome definition

answer

Complete set of information of an organism

question

Mutation

answer

Permanent change in gene's base pair sequence If mutation caused in normal somatic body cell, sometimes it is expressed and harful If it is in reproductive/germ cell it may be passed to offspring and result in a boat load of damage

question

Mutations Caused By:

answer

1) Ultraviolet Radiation 2) Ionizing radiation (gamma and X rays) 3) Chemicals such as alkylating agents, which act as carcinogens

question

Morula

answer

Within 4 days of fertilization, a Morula is 64 cells big. Hormones within cells allows these cells to latch onto uterus to undergo further growth

question

Within 14 weeks of fertilization

answer

There is already specalization and differentation of body parts and cells.

question

Transcription

answer

Scribe From DNA to mRNA

question

Translation

answer

Translates base pair sequence in mRNA into amino acid sequence to assemble protein.

question

Promotor

answer

Start codon sequence of a DNA strand

question

Intron

answer

Unnecessary information that the DNA strand doesn't need to complete its job, so it is snipped out

question

Exon

answer

What is left behind after introns are cut out. This is considered a mature protein strand to be used now

question

Reduction Division

answer

Synonymous for Meiosis

question

Differentiation

answer

Specialization of cells *happens 5th week of embroyotic growth.

question

Total Chromosomal number in somatic cells

answer

Humans =46 Gorillas=64 Number of chromosomes isn't realative to complexity in the organism.

question

How many chromosomes in human cells?

answer

We have 23 PAIRS. There are 23 PAIRS, meaning there's 46 individualized chromosomes.

question

Diploid number of chromosomes in humans

answer

23 diploids. Meaning two of 23. Meaning 46 2n = Diploid number

question

Monoploid / Haploid

answer

1n = Sex cell number. Meaning the 1n comes from one parent. There's only 1 SET, where n still is 23, meaning there's 23 coming from mom, while dad contributes 23 also.

question

Diploid

answer

Doesn't just refer to humans. It's the "2" that's before the "n" which just stands for how many chromosomes come from each parent. Potatoes, which have 84 chromosomes total, will have a diploid number of 2n, where "n" is 48.

question

Human's "n" number in meiosis

answer

23 = n

question

Matched pairs

answer

The chromosomes you get from your parents are matched up where both your eye characteristic and hair characteristic match up together and both sets of chromosomes contribute to the actual expression that you represent.

question

Autosomes

answer

The 23rd pair of chromosomes in karyotype that determine the sex of the individual

question

Karyotype

answer

the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. The chart. Where the 23rd pair is the sex chromosome.

question

Matched X Chromosomes

answer

Female

question

Non Matched Sex chromosomes

answer

X and Y = Male Y is very small. The male's gene relies on that X chromosome to get that protein information. Hopefully that X cell is good

question

Syndrome

answer

Extra chromosome Downs Syndrom is extra 21 chromosome.

question

Loci

answer

Location Specific place where the gene is on the chromosome.

question

Transposion

answer

Jumping gene. When genes don't stay on their specific chromosome. Barbra McClintock discovered this

question

Barbra McClintock

answer

Discovered jumping genes and Transposon witin corn

question

Roslin Franklin

answer

Helped watson and crick put the connection of DNA and its structure together

question

Semiconservative

answer

Each new cell have one old and one new halves of the DNA it was replicated from.

question

Repair Enzymes

answer

P53 - Checks to make sure that the DNA replication isn't messed up. Colon cancer and breast cancer is caused this way when P53 are broken.

question

Chromatid

answer

Chromosome already replicated, where the chromatid is held together by centromere, and it will be broken so the doubled DNA information can be split and evenly go into either one of the eukaryotic cells.

question

The volume of the cell. Surface area is too large

answer

Leads a cell to divide and replicate. Cell membrane doesn'thave enough space to do the things it needs to do to bring in all the nutrients that it needs and wastes it needs to expell. So it divides.

question

Interphase

answer

DNA replication - Most important thing to happen

question

Diffusion happens best when....

answer

Cell is smaller so it can move

question

Slowest growing cell in human body

answer

Neuron

question

Fastest growing cell

answer

Epithelial cell - Skin cell

question

Growth Factors

answer

Regulate cell cycle **Peptides **Hormones Cell cycle protein weather to go or not is CYCLIN

question

Repressor Gene

answer

P53 Cancers are caused by defect in gene P53

question

Telomere

answer

Sections on every chromosome Repeating set of nucleotides that forms a cap. Cap protecting end of chromosome. Every mitotic division, you loose some of the nucleotides in the "end cap" of telomere break off. ----> And then cell division will stop, and is linked to aging.

question

S Phase of interphase

answer

Chromosomes replicate

question

Early Prohase

answer

Centrioles double, so there's one on each end of the dividing cell so they can use the spindle fibers to pull the chromatids to either side of the cell.

question

Kinetichores

answer

Protein in the region that connects to centromere (connects the chromatids) to microtubial

question

Cytoplasm plits into two

answer

In plant cells, it happens from the center out (because of cell wall, the cell wall stays there forever as its dividing In animal cells, the CINCH cord is going to pull from the outside in.

question

Stem Cell

answer

Relatively undifferentiated cell. *right before differentiation *we can make it become any other cell we want it to.

question

Starvation through nutrition

answer

*Slows cell division *slows wound healing *lowers resistance to disease; immune system is slow *Thin the skin *changes lining of cells in digestive tract.

question

Regulatory proteins

answer

Internally controlled Externally controlled

question

Cancer

answer

Uncontrolled cell division -Skin warts -Benign or malignant tumors -Metastasis

question

Oncogenenes

answer

Prepgene that has a mutation that is involved in cell cycle and it's involved in cell growth/cell division/cell division. A normal cell that has the chance to become cancerous.

question

Characteristics of Cancer Cells

answer

Change to plasma membrane -they put out proteins on their membrane that are different

question

Abnormal Growth

answer

Tumor. (neoplasm) Excess tissue.

question

Neoplasm

answer

Tumor. If it's cancerous = maligancy

question

Weakened capacity for adhesion

answer

Metastasis - It will spread throughout the body because it doesn't want to stay in one place. NOT incapsulated.

question

Oncology

answer

Study of tumors

question

Side effects to Chemotherapy

answer

Nauseous, hair falling out Epithelial cells (inside lining of digestive tract) are damaged by Chemo, and it makes you nauseated. Your epithelial cells are also damaged around your hair follicles, so your hair falls out.

question

Carcinoma

answer

Cancerous cells coming up from epithelial tissue *internal and enternal MOST COMMON TYPE OF CANCERS

question

Melanoma

answer

Within the melanin of skin that's much deeper. Within connective tissue.

question

UV tanning beds

answer

Cause frameshift mutations.

Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization (Biology) – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards