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The word culture derives from the Latin word colere, which means

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to cultivate

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Which of the following defines culture?

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behavior

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Culture tends to be

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relative

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During the 1800s, culture was defined by Matthew Arnold as an ideal, something that is opposed to the real world in which we live. Sociologists today define culture as

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the sum total of beliefs, behaviors, and practices that humans create to adapt to the environment around them.

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Why did industrialization change European culture so dramatically in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?

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Expensive, handcrafted goods were now mass-produced and new social classes emerged.

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Which of the following was a poet and cultural critic who defined culture as the pursuit of perfection and broad knowledge of the world, in contrast to narrow self-centeredness and material gain?

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Matthew Arnold

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One of the two main categories of culture that includes values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors is known as

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nonmaterial culture

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Everything in our constructed environment, including technology, buildings, furniture, clothing, and books, is part of our

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material culture

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An example of material culture is

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money

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An example of nonmaterial culture is

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values

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Acronyms such as LOL, ;-), and LMAO demonstrate that

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technology itself can generate ideas and concepts

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The study of culture tells us that

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there are many ways to view the same symbol

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According to ________, the language we speak directly influences and reflects the way we think and see the world.

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the Sapir-Whorf hypotheisis

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An element of nonmaterial culture known as _____ is a system of concepts and relationships sometimes used to understand cause and effect.

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ideology

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Galileo's discovery that the earth revolved around the sun rather than standing at the center of the universe is an example of

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shifting ideology

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Ideologies are

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systems that change only when massive revolutions take place in particular societies

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Margaret Mead wrote Coming of Age in Samoa (1928), where she found that women in Samoa engaged and enjoyed casual sex before they were married. This finding challenged America's

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cultural scripts

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Low culture, such as hip-hop music, is also known as

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pop culture

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Which of the following is true regarding the value of high versus low culture?

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It is difficult to debate the worth of high and low culture

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While they are difficult to define, ____________ are smaller subgroups within a larger dominant society united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meanings specific to the members of that group.

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subcultures

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Subcultures

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are hard to definitively define

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The various musical genres and the groups inspired by them, such as post-punk music and goths, are examples of

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subcultures

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Goth culture tends to exist

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cross-culturally

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If you are a member of a subculture, like the goth subculture, you can be sure that the meaning of certain words and the behavior of the members

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can be different within the group

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Stanley Lieberson's research on first name in the U.S. found that

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it is more common for names to cross from men to women over time than vice versa.

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Stanley Lieberson, a sociology professor at Harvard, studied culture using first names. He found that names

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reflect cultural trends of specific times

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If ____________ are abstract cultural beliefs, then ____________ are how they are put into play

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values; norms

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Class mobility and equal opportunity have their roots in

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the feudal system in England, 600 years ago

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Norms are to ____________ as values are to ____________.

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behavior; attitudes

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The experience of internalizing a culture's norms, values, and the like, is known as

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socialization

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Although some criticize rap music for its violent lyrics, many rappers defend it by saying it emerges directly from their experiences. Those rappers who make these claims are invoking

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reflection theory

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Karl Marx asserted that culture

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is a reflection of the means of production of a particular time

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Reflection theory is limited because it

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fails to take into account why some cultural products have staying power and others fall by wayside

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When your friend returns from a study abroad, he reports back to you on the very different foods that people in his host country ate. He explains that to them it's normal, that people in different cultures do things differently, and that he learned not to make value judgments. This is known as

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cultural relativism

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Ruth Benidict, in her Patterns of Culture (1934), coined the term cultural relativism which means

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taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgement or assigning value

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Gendered behaviors, such as wearing dresses and high heels, are examples of learned behaviors that are not natural or universal, and are known as

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cultural scripts

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If a person judges another group by his or her own standards, he or she is being

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ethnocentric

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You take a trip to Alaska and find that Inuit families sleep together naked to stay warm. You find this practice disgusting and can't understand why they don't consider this incestuous. You are being

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ethnocentric

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Until Europeans came into contact with non-Westerners, they tended to see their culture as

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the only way to live

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The U.S. has laws that prohibit cockfighting. People in Bali might say that people in the U.S. are

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ethnocentric

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