question

culture

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the sum of the social categories and concepts we recognize in addition to our beliefs, behaviors, and practices (everything but nature)

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ethnocentrism

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the belief that ones own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of their own

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nonmaterial culture

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values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms

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material culture

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everything that is a part of our constructed, physical environment, including technology

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ideology

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a system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect

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cultural relativism

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taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgement or assigning value

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cultural scripts

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modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural

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subculture

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the distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society; a group united by a sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to the members of that group distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society

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values

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moral beliefs

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norms

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how values tell us to behave

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socialization

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our internalization of societies values, beliefs and norms -process by which you learn how to become a functioning member of society

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reflection theory

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idea that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships into the public sphere, a screen onto which the film of the underlying reality or social structures of our society is projected

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media

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any formats or vehicles that carry, present, or communicate information

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hegemony

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a condition by which a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary "consent" of the masses

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consumerism

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the steady acquisition of material possessions, often with the belief that happiness and fulfillment can thus be achieved

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culture jamming

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the act of turning media against themselves

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self

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the individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person

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I

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ones self sense of agency, action, or power

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me

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the self as perceived as an object by the "i"; the self as one imagines others perceive one

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other

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someone or something outside of oneself

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generalized other

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an internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings- regardless of whether we've encountered those people or places before

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resocialization

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the process by which ones sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are reengineered, often deliberately through an intense social process that may take place in a total institution

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total institution

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an institution that controls all the basics of day-to-day life

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status

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recognizable position that an individual occupies

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role

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the duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status

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role strain

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the incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status

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role conflict

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the tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses

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status set

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all the statuses one holds simultaneously

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ascribed status

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a status into which one is born; involuntary status

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achieved status

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a status into which one enters; voluntary status

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master status

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one status within a set that stands out or overrides all others

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gender roles

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sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female

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symbolic interactionism

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a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions

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dramaturgical theory

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the view of social life as essentially a theatrical performance, in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages, with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets

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face

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the esteem in which an individual is held by others

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ethnomethodology

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literally "the methods of people". this approach to studying human interaction focuses on the ways in which we makes sense of our world, convert this understanding to others, and produce a shared social order

question

Which of the following represents an ascribed status?

answer

American of Japanese descent

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The act of turning media against itself, such as the actions of Rockin' Rollen and Adbusters, is called:

answer

culture jamming

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What is Jean Kilbourne's critique of an advertisement that shows a pair of women's legs with brand new, expensive shoes on them popping out of a trash can?

answer

It promotes, even implicitly, violence against women.

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Expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupants of a particular status are called:

answer

roles

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Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey have a lot of "things." Because of this, the rest of us look at them with envy and wish we could have the happiness that we assume they have. This is an example of:

answer

consumerism

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If we place nature and nurture at opposite ends on a continuum, most sociologists would fall toward the nurture end of the continuum. Which statement best explains this tendency?

answer

Sociologists focus on, and as a result give primary weight, to the social environment in explaining how people think, feel, and behave

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According to Charles Horton Cooley, we develop a self-concept by:

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interpreting how others think about us.

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All of the statuses that an individual occupies at any given time constitute his or her:

answer

status set

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A recognizable social position that an individual occupies, such as "student" or "professor," is known as a:

answer

a status

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According to ____________, the language we speak directly influences and reflects the way we think about and see the world.

answer

the Sapir-Whor hypothesis

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Theories of socialization focus, in part, on how the "self" develops. According to your textbook, the "self" is:

answer

the individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person.

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Ethnomethodology is an approach to studying human interaction that focuses on:

answer

how we make sense of our world and convey this understanding to others in our effort to create mutually shared realities.

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While they are difficult to define, ____________ are smaller subgroups within a larger dominant society united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meanings specific to the members of that group.

answer

subcultures

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Saying "hello" when answering the telephone signals the start of an encounter in the first bracket and is known to dramaturgists as:

answer

the opening

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Karl Marx asserted that culture:

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is a reflection of the means of production of a particular time

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In 1941, Time magazine ran an article on how to distinguish between Chinese and Japanese people. These descriptions reflected:

answer

the state of mind of Americans at the time

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The three basic tenets of symbolic interactionism theory include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

Human beings inherit mutual understandings of symbols across cultures, times, and social changes.

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Part of what we learn in elementary school is to obey authority, follow the rules, and learn the importance of being on time. Because these values are important to the functioning of the capitalist system, Gramsci would call this:

answer

hegemony

question

Cooley's theory of socialization states that the self develops from our interactions with others and their reactions to us. This theory is known as:

answer

looking-glass self theory

question

In the United States, six major companies, including Disney and Time Warner, own what percentage of the media?

answer

90%

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