Chapter 29 Review – Flashcards
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What kinds of economic and social changes did industrialization bring about?
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It increased economic productivity.
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Until the eighteenth century, ________ had served as Great Britain's primary source of fuel.
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wood
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Industrial expansion in Britain began with
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textile production.
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What were economic advantages enjoyed by Britain in the eighteenth century?
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-sources of capital for investment -access to water transportation -abundant and accessible coal deposits -abundant skilled and unskilled labor
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Cotton cloth was valued by European consumers in the eighteenth century because
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it was comfortable and convenient.
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Improvements in transportation, such as the railroads and steamships,
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-lowered transportation costs. -linked industrial centers with overseas resources. -facilitated the movement of people as well as goods. -facilitated delivery of manufactured products to consumers.
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What was the development of large-scale production in which workers were centralized and performed specialized tasks?
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factory system
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From the perspective of the worker, the factory system meant
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harsh discipline and close supervision.
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From the perspective of the consumer, the factory system meant
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cheaper manufactured goods.
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Rural laborers new to the factory had difficulty adjusting to
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the rigid timetables of industrial work.
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The Luddites were
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a group of disaffected English workers who destroyed machines they blamed for low wages.
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The Luddites were threatened by industrialization of what industry in particular?
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textiles
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How did the British maintain their head start in industrialization?
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by forbidding the export of machinery and expertise
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In what nation did the government give significant support to industry in the late nineteenth century?
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Germany
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How did Europe assist the United States as it industrialized in the 1800s?
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provided labor and capital
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During the 1850s and 1860s, British and French governments laid the legal foundation for
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the modern corporation.
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One advantage of the industrial corporation over the older joint-stock company was
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the limited liability for investors.
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All of the following are examples of vertical organization EXCEPT
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Standard Oil's control of all phases of petroleum production and distribution. Krupp's integration of mines, steel mills, and munitions plants. *the British East India Company's monopoly on the tea trade. U.S. Steel's control of mines, steel mills, and railroad manufacture.
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The population of Europe
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rose sharply in the eighteenth and nineteenth century.
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The population of the industrial world grew dramatically in the nineteenth century, in part because
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improved transportation networks resulted in cheaper food and therefore better diets.
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By 1900, birthrates had sharply declined in most industrialized countries because
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-raising children was more expensive in an industrial society than in an agricultural one. -declining infant mortality meant that more of the children born were likely to survive. -improved health and nutrition reduced overall death rates. -married couples actively practiced birth control.
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What is true about the nineteenth-century European urban environment?
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-Pollution led to occupational diseases in some trades. -Income determined the degree of comfort and security. -Urbanization intensified environmental pollution. -Death rates commonly exceeded birthrates.
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Which of the following was NOT a typical inducement for Europeans to emigrate abroad in the nineteenth century?
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difficult political, social, and economic circumstances in Europe generally *unemployment in Britain famine in Ireland anti-Semitism in Russia economic opportunities in the United States
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About one-third of ________ immigrants in nineteenth-century America ended up returning to their mother country.
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Italian
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Industrialization changed families by
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moving economic production outside the home.
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In Britain, one outcome of the laws against child labor in the late nineteenth century was that
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all children were required to attend public school.
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Middle-class family life in the new industrial society was characterized by
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gendered division of labor and space.
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In their critique of industrial capitalism, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels claimed that
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only a communist revolution would change the abuses of capitalism and create a just and equal society.
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In response to socialist demands for social and economic reform, most governments
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-treated trade unions as illegal organizations. -supported business and prosecuted strikers. -passed laws restricting child labor. -extended the vote to the working class.
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Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels believed that
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capitalists ruthlessly exploited the working class, requiring a socialist revolution.
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How did industrialization influence the economic and social development of societies?
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-It promoted a new international division of labor. -Industrial powers obtained raw materials from preindustrial societies on unfair terms. -Some countries embarked on industrialization programs to avoid Euro-American domination. -Occasionally specializing in exporting primary goods paved the way for industrialization.
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In what area(s) did dependence on exporting primary products produce little or no industrialization?
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most of Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and southeast Asia
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Apart from North America and Europe, which of the following benefited most from the nineteenth-century geographic division of labor?
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Japan
