Chapter 23 Practice – Flashcards
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The respiratory and cardiovascular systems have all of the following functions in common EXCEPT: 1. transport of gases. 2. exchange of gases 3. maintenance of blood pH (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1 and 2 are correct (e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct
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(e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct
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Some structures in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts serve as sites for gas diffusion. (a) true (b) false
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false
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Place the layers of the trachea in order from deep to superficial. (a) mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia (b) submucosa, mucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia (c) adventitia, hyaline cartilage, submucosa, mucosa (d) adventitia, hyaline cartilage, mucosa, submucosa (e) hyaline cartilage, submucosa, mucosa, adventitia
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mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia
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As the bronchial tree branches from bronchi to bronchioles, cartilage decreases while smooth muscle increases. (a) true (b) false
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true
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Which of the following statements is NOT correct? (a) The lungs surround the mediastinum. (b) Air normally fills the pleural cavity. (c) The visceral pleura covers the lungs. (d) The parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity. (e) The parietal and visceral pleura are separated by the pleural cavity.
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Air normally fills the pleural cavity.
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A bronchopulmonary segment is directly supplied by a ______________________. (a) primary bronchus. (b) secondary (lobar) bronchus. (c) tertiary (segmental) bronchus. (d) respiratory bronchiole. (e) alveolar duct.
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secondary (lobar) bronchus.
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The respiratory membrane does not include the visceral and parietal pleura. (a) true (b) false
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true
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A mechanical ventilator may aid directly in _______ (a) pulmonary ventilation. (b) external respiration. (c) internal respiration. (d) pulmonary ventilation and external respiration are correct. (e) pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration are correct.
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pulmonary ventilation.
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Decreased surfactant will affect alveolar surface tension to cause decreased pulmonary ventilation, but will have no effect on lung compliance. (a) true (b) false
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false
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If you were to take 10 breaths/min and inhaled about 600 mL/breath, your minute ventilation rate would be (a) 60 mL/min. (b) 6 L/min. (c) 10 mL/min. (d) 1 L/min. (e) 10 L/min.
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6 L/min.
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The destruction of alveoli seen in emphysema would cause a decrease in alveolar ventilation rate. (a) true (b) false
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false
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Which of the following statements is CORRECT? (a) According to Dalton's law, if the partial pressure of oxygen in the air were to decrease, the partial pressures of nitrogen and carbon dioxide would increase to compensate. (b) According to Dalton's law, gas at a low partial pressure will remain in solution longer than if that gas were present at a higher partial pressure. (c) According to Henry's law, little nitrogen is normally present in the blood because of the low solubility of nitrogen. (d) All of these choices are correct. (e) None of these choices are correct.
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According to Henry's law, little nitrogen is normally present in the blood because of the low solubility of nitrogen.
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As you move from the top of a mountain to sea level, the partial pressure of oxygen increases because total atmospheric pressure is increasing. (a) true (b) false
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true
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In external respiration __________, while __________ occurs in internal respiration. (a) oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli. (b) oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; oxygen moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli. (c) carbon dioxide moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli. (d) oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; oxygen moves from the tissues to the systemic capillaries. (e) oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the tissues to the systemic capillaries.
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oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the tissues to the systemic capillaries.
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All of the following affect the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange EXCEPT (a) external air temperature. (b) partial pressure difference of the gases. (c) surface area available for gas exchange. (d) diffusion distance. (e) molecular weight and solubility of the gases.
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external air temperature.
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In a resting person, more oxygen molecules are attached to each hemoglobin molecule in blood in the pulmonary arteries than in the pulmonary veins. (a) true (b) false
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false
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All of the following statements are True EXCEPT (a) 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. (b) hemoglobin will bind more oxygen when the partial pressure is low than when the partial pressure is high. (c) oxygen dissociates more readily from hemoglobin as pH decreases. (d) increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin. (e) decreasing temperature will cause a shift to the left in the hemoglobin saturation curve.
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hemoglobin will bind more oxygen when the partial pressure is low than when the partial pressure is high.
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Hemoglobin can unload more oxygen in metabolically active tissues than in tissues at rest because (a) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher. (b) lactic and carbonic acids produced by metabolically active tissues decreases pH which decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. (c) increasing body temperature decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. (d) All of these choices are True. (e) None of these choices are True.
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All of these choices are True.
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In the medullary rhythmicity area, the dorsal respiratory group (inspiratory area) establishes the basic rhythm of quiet breathing while the ventral respiratory group (expiratory area) remains inactive. (a) true (b) false
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true
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Signals from an active medullary respiratory center can override the signals from the pontine respiratory group which normally help in prolonged inhalation. (a) true (b) false
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false
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The respiratory system, along with some of the digestive system, begins as an outgrowth of the foregut. (a) true (b) false
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true
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Age-related changes in the respiratory system may cause 1.decrease in vital capacity of as much as 35% by age 70 due to decreased tissue elasticity. 2. an increased incidence of pneumonia and bronchitis because of decreased alveolar macrophage activity and ciliary action in the respiratory tract. 3. an increase in tidal volume due to damage to alveoli and decreased surfactant production. (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1 and 2 are correct (e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct
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1 and 2 are correct
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The respiratory zone does NOT include any structures of the upper respiratory system. (a) true (b) false
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true
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The internal structures of the external nose serve which of the following functions? 1. warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air 2. creating resonance 3. increasing gas exchange (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 3 only (D) 1 and 2 (E) 1, 2, and 3
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1 and 2
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The perpendicular plate of ethmoid and the vomer make up the (A) superior concha (B) middle concha (C) Hard palate (D) nasal septum (E) maxillary sinus
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nasal septum
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The pharyngeal tonsil is found in the (a) nasopharynx. (b) oropharynx. (c) adenopharynx. (d) laryngopharynx. (e) hypopharynx.
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nasopharynx
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Surfactant lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid; it is produced by (a) alveolar macrophages. (b) fibroblasts. (c) type I alveolar cells. (d) type II alveolar cells. (e) goblet cells.
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type II alveolar cells
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As you sit quietly reading these questions, you use the diaphragm, external intercostal, and scalene muscles. (a) true (b) false
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false
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Exhalation begins when the (a) elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs occurs. (b) internal intercostal muscles contract. (c) inspiratory muscles relax. (d) elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs occurs and internal intercostal muscles contract. (e) elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs occurs, internal intercostal muscles contract, and inspiratory muscles relax.
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internal intercostal muscles contract.
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Which is NOT true about surfactant? (a) it is a mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins (b) it is made as soon as the alveoli begin to develop (c) it interferes with hydrogen bonding between water molecules (d) it is made by septal cells in the alveoli
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it is made as soon as the alveoli begin to develop
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Spirometry testing of a young man shows that he has a total lung capacity of 6,000 mL. What is his vital capacity? (a) 500 mL. (b) 1,200 mL. (c) 2,400 mL. (d) 3,100 mL. (e) 4,800 mL.
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4,800 mL
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According to Henry's Law, the greater the difference in partial pressure, the faster the rate of diffusion. (a) true (b) false
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false
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Fetal hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin because it binds 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate less strongly. (a) true (b) false
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false
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Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood 1. as dissolved carbon dioxide. 2. as bicarbonate ions. 3. bound to heme. (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1 and 2 (e) 1, 2, and 3
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1 and 2
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As the amount of oxyhemoglobin decreases, the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood increases. This relationship is known as (a) The Bohr effect (b) The Haldane effect (c) Boyle's law (d) Henry's law (e) Dalton's law
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The Haldane effect
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The respiratory diverticulum that gives rise to the glands of the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli is derived from (a) ectoderm (b) mesoderm (c) endoderm (d) mesenchyme (e) none of these choices
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endoderm
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Unlike capillaries in the rest of the body, pulmonary capillaries vasoconstrict when localized hypoxia occurs. (a) true (b) false
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true
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Which of the following is NOT involved in respiration? (a) pulmonary ventilation (b) internal respiration (c) external ventilation (d) external respiration
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external ventilation
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The respiratory zone is composed of the trachea and the paranasal sinuses. (a) True (b) False
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false
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__________ is the inflammation of the nasal mucosa accompanied by excessive mucus production, nasal congestion, and postnasal drip. Laryngitis Rhinitis Bronchitis Sinusitis
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rhinitis
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Which of the following lists the regions of the pharynx from superior to inferior? (a) laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx (b) nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx (c) nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx (d) oropharynx, laryngopharynx, nasopharynx
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nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
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The __________ is covered by a mucosa containing taste buds and keeps food out of the lower respiratory passages. (a) glottis (b) epiglottis (c) vestibular folds (d) uvula
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epiglottis
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The bronchial, or respiratory, tree branches approximately 23 times within the lungs. (a) True (b) False
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true
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The __________ are the main site of gas exchange within the lungs. respiratory bronchioles alveoli hila bronchi
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alveoli
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The two lungs differ in shape and size. True False
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true
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The __________ is the elastic connective tissue found within the lungs. visceral pleura parietal pleura pulmonary plexus stroma
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stroma
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Henry's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture. (a) True (b) False
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false
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Henry's law states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure. True False
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true
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Which form of hypoxia occurs when body cells are unable to use O2 even though adequate amounts are delivered? (This type of hypoxia is usually the consequence of metabolic poisons, such as cyanide.) anemic hypoxia histotoxic hypoxia hypoxemic hypoxia ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia
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histotoxic hypoxia
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Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the greatest amount of CO2 transported in blood? (a) dissolved in plasma (b) as carbon monoxide in plasma (c) as bicarbonate ions in plasma (d) chemically bound to hemoglobin
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as bicarbonate ions in plasma
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The increase in ventilation in response to metabolic needs is called __________. Hering-Breuer reflex hyperventilation hyperpnea hypocapnia
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hyperpnea
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Emphysema is distinguished by permanent enlargement of the alveoli and loss of lung elasticity. True False
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true
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Lung cancer is among the easiest forms of cancer to successfully treat and cure. True False
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false
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1) Which of the following is NOT considered part of the respiratory system? A) nose B) mouth C) throat D) larynx E) trachea
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mouth
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Which of the following classifications of respiratory structures is correctly described? A) structural, upper respiratory system: nose, pharynx and associated structures B) structural, lower respiratory system: larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs C) functional, conducting portion: interconnecting cavities and tubes outside and within the lungs D) functional, Respiratory portion: tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs E) All of these are correct.
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All of these are correct
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Nolan "caught" a sharply hit baseball with his face and now his nose is broken. Which of the following are external structures that have probably been damaged? A) maxilla, nasal, frontal bones B) septal, lateral and alar cartilages C) ethmoid bone and inferior nasal conchae D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct.
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a and b are correct
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Which of the following is a function of the external nose? A) modifying speech vibrations B) detecting gustatory sensations C) cooling and drying air entering the respiratory system D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct.
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modifying speech vibrations
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The internal nose A) communicates posteriorly with the external nose. B) communicates anteriorly with the pharynx. C) receives drainage from the paranasal sinuses. D) is divided horizontally by the nasal septum. E) is divided into lateral, medial, and frontal meatuses
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receives drainage from the paranasal sinuses.
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Which of the following is NOT correct? A) The olfactory epithelium lies in a mucous membrane covering the inferior nasal conchae. B) Hairs in the nasal vestibule help remove large particles from the air. C) Conchae and their meatuses increase surface area and help moisten entering air. D) Mucus in the nasal cavity helps moisten air and removes smaller dust particles. E) Most of the air inhaled does not directly enter the paranasal sinuses
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The olfactory epithelium lies in a mucous membrane covering the inferior nasal conchae.
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The pharynx A) begins at the external nares. B) is a tube lined with a mucous membrane. C) is usually called the voice box or Adam's apple. D) begins at the fauces and ends at the epiglottis. E) is a tube composed of smooth muscle
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is a tube lined with a mucous membrane.
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Which portion of the pharynx communicates with the internal nares and Eustachian tubes? A) laryngopharynx B) oropharynx C) nasopharynx D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct.
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nasopharynx
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Which of the following is correctly described? A) nasopharynx: usually receives only air, helps equalize pressure in inner ear B) oropharynx: receives food and air, contains palatine and lingual tonsils C) laryngopharynx: receives only food, lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct.
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A and B are correct.
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The larynx A) connects the pharynx to the trachea. B) is the primary site of voice production. C) normally receives only air. D) lies anterior to the esophagus. E) All of these are correct.
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All of these are correct.
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The trachea A) conducts air from the larynx into the bronchi. B) is lined with pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium. C) is usually located posterior to the esophagus. D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct.
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A and B are correct.
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The primary bronchi A) are branches arising from the trachea near the level of vertebra C5. B) carry air toward each lung. C) are more muscular than cartilaginous. D) are lined with stratified squamous epithelium. E) All of these are correct.
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carry air toward each lung.
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The airways that directly carry air to each lobe of a lung are the A) terminal bronchioles B) bronchioles C) tertiary bronchi D) secondary bronchi E) primary bronchi
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secondary bronchi
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As the diameters of the respiratory passages decrease, which of the following is observed? A) The amount of cartilage in the walls of the passages increases. B) Simple cuboidal epithelial linings are replaced by pseudostratified squamous epithelia. C) The walls of the passages become more muscular. D) More goblet cells are observed in the epithelial lining. E) All of these are correct.
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The walls of the passages become more muscular.
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Each of the following is part of the respiratory membrane EXCEPT the: A) alveolar wall B) lymphatic vessel basement membrane C) epithelial basement membrane of the alveolar wall D) capillary basement membrane E) capillary endothelial cells
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lymphatic vessel basement membrane
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The basic steps of gas exchange, or respiration, in the body include A) pulmonary ventilation B) external respiration C) internal respiration D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct
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A, B and C are correct
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When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, which of the following actions does NOT occur? A) the diaphragm moves inferiorly. B) the volume of the thoracic cavity increases. C) the intrapleural pressure increases. D) the intrapulmonic pressure decreases. E) air moves into the lungs.
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the intrapleural pressure increases.
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Dalton's law A) helps explain how gases move down their pressure gradients. B) states that each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure as though no other gas was present. C) helps explain how the solubility of a gas relates to its diffusion. D) A and B are correct. E) B and C are correct.
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A and B are correct.
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External respiration A) is also called systemic gas exchange. B) is the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood. C) moves CO2 into the blood and O2 out of the blood. D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct.
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is the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood.
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During internal respiration, A) gases are exchanged between the blood and the tissues. B) 75% of the O2 is removed from the blood. C) the PCO2 in the tissues rises from 40 to 45 mmHg. D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct
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gases are exchanged between the blood and the tissues.
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How is CO2 transported in blood? A) as dissolved CO2 B) as carbamino compounds C) as bicarbonate ions D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct.
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A, B and C are correct.
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Which of the following are classified as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders? A) chronic bronchitis B) emphysema C) pneumonia D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct
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A and B are correct.
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Which of the following is an inherited disease of the respiratory system? A) coryza B) cystic fibrosis C) pneumonia D) SARS E) tuberculosis
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cystic fibrosis
