Chapter 22 Respiratory Diseases – Flashcards

a state of low arterial PO2, usually due to inadequate pulmonary gas exchange. Root causes: atmosphere/high elevation, impaired ventilation/drowning or aspiration, CO poisoning

inadequate circulation of the blood as in congestive heart failure

due to anemia, and the resulting inability to carry O2.

metabolic poison prevents the tissue from using the O2 delivered to them (cyanide)

blueness of the skin, often a trademark of hypoxia.

develops when pure O2 is breathed at 2.5 atm or greater. Excess O2 generates H2O2 (peroxide) and free radicals that can destroy enzymes and damage nerve tissue.

COPD, refers to any disorder in which there is a long-term obstruction of airflow and a substantial reduction in pulmonary ventilation. Major COPD's are emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

cilia are immobilized and reduced in number while goblet cells enlarge and produce more mucus. Patients develop chronic cough that produces sputum, which provides a growth medium for bacteria.

stagnant mixture of mucus and cellular debris

alveolar walls break down and the lung exhibits larger but fewer alveoli. There is less surface area and the lung tissue is less elastic.

hypertrophy and potential failure of the right heart due to obstruction of pulmonary circulation.

One of 3 forms of lung cancer, most common. Basal cells of the bronchial epithelium multiply and the ciliated pseudostratified epithelium transforms into stratified squamous type.

2nd type of lung cancer, also very common, originates in mucous glands of lamina propria.

least common, but most deadly, named for clusters that resemble oat grains and originate from main bronchi and invade the mediastinum and metastasize quickly to other organs.

The common cold. Caused by many types of viruses that infect the URT. Congestion, increased nasal secretion, sneezing and dry cough. Transmitted by contact of contaminated hand from mucous membranes, not orally.

Acute lung inflammation and alveolar injury stemming from trauma, infection, burns, aspiration of vomit, inhalation of noxious gasses, drug overdoses and other causes. Alveolar injury is accompanied by severe pulmonary edema and hemorrhaging, followed by fibrosis that progressively destroys lung tissue. 40% fatal under age 60, 60% fatal over age 65.

A LRT infection caused by any of several viruses, fungi or protozoans (most often s. pneumoniae) causes filling of alveoli with fluid and dead leukocytes and thickening of respiratory membrane, which interferes with gas exchange and causes hypoxemia. Esp dangerous to infants, elderly and immunocompromised, i.e. AIDS and leukemia patients.

Cessation of breathing for 10s or longer during sleep, can occur up to 100's of times per night often accompanied by restlessness and snoring. Can result from altered function of CNS respiratory centers, airway obstruction or both. May lead to daytime drowsiness, hypoxemia, polycythemia, pulmonary hypertension, chf and cardiac arrhythmia. Common in obese patients and men.

Pulmonary infection with the bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis, which invades the lungs by way of air, blood or lymph. Stimulates the lung to form fibrous nodules called tubercles around the bacteria. Progressive fibrosis compromises the elastic recoil and ventilation of the lungs. Common among the impoverished and homeless and becoming common in AIDS patients.