question

Centennial Vision When?

answer

2017

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Centennial Vision:

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We envision that occupational therapy is a powerful, widely recognized, science-driven and evidence-based profession with a globally connected and diverse workforce meeting society's occupational needs (AOTA, 2006)

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World Federation of Occupational Therapy was created when?

answer

1952

question

WFOT

answer

the key international representative for occupational therapy and the official international organization for the promotion of occupational therapy.

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Definition of OT

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Occupational therapy is the art and science of helping people do the day- to-day activities that are important and meaningful to their health and well being through engagement in valued occupations.

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Education standards are guided by who?

answer

WFOT

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When were the minimum education standards published and when were they revised?

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Published in 1985 and revised in 2002

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Who has the highest education standards?

answer

United States and Canada

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How many programs are recognized in the world?

answer

566 programs

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How many members in WFOT?

answer

6,000

question

What are some issues with the future of OT worldwide?

answer

1. Shortages-Some nations do not have OT's 2. Global unrest-economic depressions 3. Variation in resources-b/c of economic depression and lack of funds some countries may not have the needed resources for OT's 4. Population growth- increasing population>>increasing numbers of people with disease/disability>> high demand for OT's

question

What is WFOT's view on the future of OT worldwide?

answer

"Through the use of empowering occupations, our therapy programs transform settings. In a world grown small because of easier travel and widespread media coverage, those who are poor, disenfranchised, socially isolated and marginally cared for beckon us as they have never done before."

question

OT theories developed within the Medical Model, identified by Kielhofner (2004), what are they?

answer

1. Behavioral 2. Psychoanalytic 3. Sensory Integration

question

Why did Occupational Therapy move towards science shaped medicine and why?

answer

1930's and 1940's; this was when tuberculosis and polio were on the rise, for which there was no cure. Scientific research led to an understanding of how bacteria spreads disease and what measures could be taken to prevent it.

question

OT struggled to keep up with advances in medicine and adopted practice methods for :

answer

1. Remediation 2. Adaptation 3. Compensatory strategies

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What did Remediation involve and give an example?

answer

the use of occupations to restore the ability to function. Example: persons with depression or anxiety disorders, OT's worked side by side with medicine in order to hasten recovery.

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Occupational therapists developed adaptations to the ...

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task and environment in order to enable occupational functioning despite the limitations brought on by illness or injury

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In using _____ occupational therapists took over where medicine left off.

answer

Compensatory strategies

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What is an example of Compensatory strategies?

answer

splinting, adaptive equipment and more recently, robotics and computer-assisted technology are used by occupational therapists to enable activities of daily living for persons with partial paralysis from polio, a stroke, or a spinal cord injury, for which no further improvement could be gained with other medical treatment.

question

Medical diagnosis

answer

the process of analyzing a patient's signs and symptoms and reducing the problem to a specific, narrowly defined cause. Hence, the medical model is often described as REDUCTIONISTIC.

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Under the Medical model once a doctor names the disease- Pneumonia for example he or she can then apply what is known about the illness in order to ____

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prescribe a treatment-for example, antibotic medication, bed rest, maintenance of sterile environment, increased fluid intake, or other specific instructions leading to a cure.

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What are some characteristics of the Medical Model?

answer

1. Uses Scientific Method 2. Human body operates like a machine 3. OT theories developed within this model (1.) Behavioral (2.) Psychoanalytic (3.) Sensory Integration

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Characteristics of the traditional medical model are described by Kielhofner (2004) as :

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1. Reductionistic 2. Mechanistic 3. Scientific

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In the traditional medical model is defined as the ___

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absence of disease

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The OT frames of references: cognitive disablities, biomechanical, and sensory integration and motor control theories use a _____ focus and focus on components of performance and as such are not ______.

answer

Reductionistic focus while also using the scientific method -They are not occupation based

question

We have always used the ____ model and now we are moving to a more _____ base

answer

medical model; client-centered base

question

Why are we moving to a more client- centered base?

answer

1. to increase motivation of the client 2. B/c not everyone's goals are the same

question

The client centered model being adopted by OT and others goes further to define health as not only the absence of disease but also....

answer

to include well-being, quality of life, and the client's continued ability to engage in meaningful activities and to participate in life.

question

What is one con for using the Medical medical and explain?

answer

1. Since the medical model emphasized a reductionistic and mechanistic view of the human body, this backed OT in a corner and limited its scope to only those practices that directly affected SYMPTOMS or restricted independent functioning in ADL. **The medical model was grossly inadequate to meet the needs of clients with ongoing mental or physical health conditions. Many formerly institutionalized mental health clients now live among the homeless or have entered our already overcrowded prison system.

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What is another con of the Medical model and explain?

answer

Reimbursement systems that follow the guidelines of the medical model have REDUCED access and LIMITED the ways clients can use OT services. Most OT's are aware that neither Medicare nor private health insurance will pay for health services rendered only to "maintain" function for our clients. Progress must be continually demonstrated through the use of valid and reliable assessment tools, mostly research studies using the scientific method. **The medical model has convinced third party payers that HEALTH should be defined as the absence of disease. The client-centered model being adopted by OT and others goes further to include well-being, quality of life, and the client's continued ability to engage in meaningful activities and to participate in life.

question

What are two cons of the Medical Model?

answer

1. Reductionistic and mechanistic view limits the scope to only those practices that directly affected "symptoms" or restricted independent functioning in ADL. 2. Reimbursement systems that follow the guidelines of the medical model have reduced access and limited the ways clients can use OT services.

question

What are two pros for using the Medical Model?

answer

1. Without the medical model, many of the scientific advances of the 20th century would not have been possible 2. The Medical model has brought prestige to OT over the years as an allied health profession. 3. The Medical model gives us a common language with which to communicate with other professionals as more OT's collaborate with treatment teams when providing health care services.

question

What is an example of how scientific advances of the 20th century would not be possible without the Medical model?

answer

Under the guidance of the medical model, OT was able to take advantage of the knowledge developed in the areas of psychiatry, biomechanics, behaviorism, and neurophysiology in the earlier years, which led to some of the most widely used applied theories in OT today (Sensory integration, biomechanical, etc.) The scientific method was used in designing research studies to test these applied theories and to develop valid and reliable assessment tools.

question

What is an example of how the medical model has brought prestige to OT?

answer

-Educational programs for OT were jointly accredited by the American Medical Association, requiring students to take classes in Anatomy, Physiology, Neurology, and physical and mental health conditions. **The medical preparation has influenced public recognition for OT professionals as equals with other professions such as physical therapy and encouraged our continued national certification and state licensure... Setting us apart from less "scientific" professions

question

What is the basic model for the OT Practice Framework?

answer

Client-Centered Model

question

What are the Foundational Concepts of Client Centered Practice?

answer

1. Genuineness 2. Acceptance 3. Goal is client is moving toward self-actualization 4. Empathy

question

The work of _____ a humanistic psychologist and psychotherapist, forms the current client-centered approach.

answer

Carl Rogers

question

During the _____ Carl Rogers called his therapeutic approach Client-centered therapy.

answer

1950s

question

A second well- known proponent of the humanistic philosophy was ____, who focused much of his research on the nature of the self-actualizing person.

answer

Abraham Maslow

question

Abraham Maslow was known for establishing the theory of ____

answer

Heirarchy of needs; which states that man is internally and externally driven by various forces to satisify his needs and reach a sense of self-fulfillment.

question

The highest level of achievement is

answer

self-actualization- or the capacity to be all that one can be

question

Rogers stressed that the most significant components to an effective therapeutic relationship include a therapist's ability to show...

answer

1. Genuineness 2. Acceptance 3. Empathy *Coupled with the client's ability to perceive these espressions generated by the therapist.

question

Client-centered practice follows the

answer

Canadian Model of Occupational Performance

question

The CMOP or the Canadian Model of Occuaptional Performance illustrates how

answer

occupational performance evolves from the interactions among the person, the environment, and the occupation itself.

question

According to Kielhofner, "the most important contribution of the CMOP to explaining therapy has been discussion

answer

of the nature and process of the client-centered model."

question

According to the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance the "Person" includes three components that are bound together by a central core core of being, which is spirituality. What are these three components?

answer

1. Cognitive 2. Affective 3. Physical *Held together by SPIRITUALITY

question

Central core of being=

answer

Spirituality

question

Physical factors include:

answer

Strength and energy, flexibility, ROM, endurance, and pain

question

Cognition of a "Person" includes things like

answer

-thinking, reasoning, memory, perception, communication, and motor planning

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These cognitive processes are essential in learning and adapting...

answer

new circumstances when performing occupations

question

The affective component includes:

answer

feelings and attitudes and affects a person's motivation, self-concept, and relationships with others.

question

Occupational science tells us that

answer

"what we do is who we are." In other words, the activities we engage in and the occupations we choose, help define who we are.

question

What are some characteristics of the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance?

answer

1. The Person- cognitive, physical, and affective components 2. The Environment 3. The Occupation 4. The Occupational Performance

question

One of the unique features of the Canadian Model of client-centered role of the human spirit in

answer

self-identity Self-direction Occupational choice

question

Spirituality is defined as a

answer

"pervasive life force, manifestation of a higher self, source of will and self-determination, and a sense of meaning, purpose and connectedness that people experience in the context of their environment." -This broad definition includes religious faith as well as the meaning of everyday activities and the symbolic significance of occupations as a part of one's culture.

question

The environment in the CMOP is composed of what elements?

answer

1. Physical 2. Social 3. Cultural 4. Institutional *These are the contexts in which clients perform occupations.

question

Examples of physical environments are:

answer

1. Home 2. Classroom 3. Workplace 4. Natural environments

question

Examples of Social environments are:

answer

1. Family 2. Coworkers 3. Community Organizations

question

Examples of Cultural environments are:

answer

1. Religous 2. Ethnic 3. Political factors

question

Examples of Institutional environments are:

answer

Political and social systems that afford opportunities and provide rules and limits to one's occupation. *Obeying laws and observing the rights of others are examples of the influence of political and social systems on a person's behavior.

question

The categories of occupation include:

answer

1. self care 2. Productivity 3. Leisure

question

Occupations are defined to include most

answer

ADL, home, work, and community activities, recreation, and socialization

question

Occupational performance results from the interaction of

answer

all three components: Person, environment and Occupation

question

What are the Key methods to establishing a therapeutic and collaborative alliance with clients or forming a collaborative partnership?

answer

1. Respect 2. Genuineness 3. Nonjudgemental Acceptance 4. Nondirective Style 5. Self-Actualization

question

What does it mean to be respectful to form a collaborative partnership with the client?

answer

Respect: an attitude in which the occupational therapist views the client as an equal partner in establishing goals and priorities and designing interventions.

question

What is an example of using respect to forming a collaborative partnership with the client?

answer

This involves listening and empathizing with the client while he tells his life story and refraining from premature advice-giving.

question

What does it mean to having genuineness when forming a collaborative partnership with the client?

answer

Treating the client as a person worthy of our respect. When we respond to clients in ways that show our humanity, they are encouraged to put their trust in us as therapists.

question

What does it mean to use nonjudgemental acceptance when forming a collaborative partnerhsip with the client?

answer

Responsiblity to set aside any possible biases about the client based on appearance, social, cultural, or any other factors that may lead to possible misconceptions

question

What does it mean to use a nondirective style when forming a collaborative partnership with the client?

answer

using prompts and open ended questions that encouraged the client to establish the direction of therapy. No "yes or no" questions.

question

The highest level of achievement at the peak of Abraham Maslow's pyramid, or heirarchy of needs is _____ which is.

answer

Self-actualization; which is can be measured only in terms of life satisfaction for the individual person and we have an innate desire to be the best we can be-to achieve their human potential

question

What are the six principles of Client-Centered Practice?

answer

1. Client Autonomy and Choice 2. Respect for Diversity 3. Enablement and Empowerment 4. Accessibility and Flexibility 5. Contextual Congruence: Recognizing Environmental Conditions and Demands 6. Therapeutic Partnership

question

Empowerment

answer

letting go of control and trusting the client to carry out a plan of action.

question

Principle of Client-Centered Practice: Autonomy and Choice

answer

The therapist enters the therapeutic relationship under the assumption that the client has the right to direct his or her own therapy. This concept stems from Maslow's belief that people are intrinsically motivated to improve their own condition of life.

question

Principle of Client-Centered Practice: Respect for Diversity

answer

The therapist needs to develop an attitude of unconditional positive regard. This means refraining from making value judgements about the client's character based on our own standards and viewpoint.

question

Principle of Client-Centered Practice: Therapeutic Partnership and Shared Responsibility

answer

Both the therapist and the client come to the table as equals, each with his or own experitise. The OT brings experience about the theories and techniques of practice and the knowledge base of the profession, while the client brings expertise regarding his own illness or disability as a lived experience.

question

Principle of Client-Centered Practice: Enablement and Empowerment

answer

This principle refers to the OT's role in promoting client participation in all aspects of OT services

question

Enabling Occupation

answer

means using our OT knowledge, skills and techniques to assist the client in doing something he or she wants to do.

question

Principle of Client-Centered Practice: Contextual Congruence: Recognizing Environmental Conditions and Demands

answer

Contexts are external or environmental considerations that influence the performance of an activity or occupation. In the performance of a task, contextual congruence means that the external features of the environment fit, encourage, or facilitate the performance. Mary might need to clean her house but when she has to work at home, cleaning her house is not contextually congruent for her at this point in time.

question

Principle of Client-Centered Practice: Accessibility and Flexibility

answer

Many clients have situations and circumstances that do not fit the "typical" interventions. The client-centered therapist approaches each client as an individual with a unique experience of a health condition and a different configuration of contextual factors, that influence his or her problems with occupational performance.

question

What is the difference between the Medical model and client-centered model referring to the person undergoing treatment?

answer

Medical Model: Called PATIENT: PASSIVE recipient of treatment. Implies a sick role and a lack of participation or responsibility, requires compliance with doctor's orders. Client-centered Model: Called CLIENT: ACTIVELY seeks assistance from medical and other professionals or experts, shifts responsibility for solving health problems onto the client.

question

What is the difference between the Medical model and client-centered model referring to the definition of Health?

answer

Medical Model: Health- absence of disease Client-centered model: Health- Mental and physical fitness and sense of well-being

question

What is the difference between the Medical Model and client-centered model referring to what these models are treating?

answer

Medical Model: Treating the DISEASE: illness or injury affecting Client-centered: Treating the HEALTH CONDITION: any circumstance that interferes with full participation of life.

question

For a medical Model the patient is categorized according to a _______ whereas for the client centered model the client is categorized according to a ______.

answer

Medical model: diagnosis client-centered model: disability

question

Diagnosis: medical model

answer

identification of disease through analysis of signs, symptoms and syndromes which allow the doctor to predict the course of illness and to prescribe remedies.

question

Disability: client centered

answer

experienced by the person, sometimes determined by the person's experience of illness; that which prevents the person from participating in life

question

Under the medical model the physician gives the patient _____, wheres under the client- centered model the OT gives the client______.

answer

Medical model: Prescription Client-centered : Enablement

question

Prescription: medical model

answer

medications or specific techniques or instructions intended to cure disease and/or manage symptoms

question

Enablement: client-centered model

answer

sharing expertise that empowers the client to set reasonable goals and to make informed choices regarding interventions to remove barriers to participation in life

question

Medical Model: ______ methods of study based on experimental research, data gathering and norms.

answer

Objective methods: medical model

question

Client-centered model: _____ methods of study based on qualitative research, looking at each individual's culture, perceptions and situation.

answer

Subjective methods: client-centered model

question

Both the outcomes for a medical and a client-centered model are both measured by ______ measures.

answer

Objective

question

What is the difference between the medical and client centered models referring to the outcomes?

answer

Medical Model: Outcome is measured by objective measures applied by the medical professional Client-centered Model: Outcome is measured by both objective measures and client satisfaction with results.

question

For a Medical model the Physician uses a treatment whereas with the client-centered model the OT uses an ______.

answer

Intervention

question

Treatment: medical model

answer

specific medical or surgical procedures prescribed by a doctor or specialist in order to heal or cure a disease

question

Intervention : client-centered model

answer

Procedures and strategies created by collaboration between client and professional, to overcome barriers to occupational performance

question

What is the difference in the role of the OT using a medical model compared to a client-centered model?

answer

Medical model: OT applies expertise to focus on using activities to relieve symptoms, to adapt task demands, or to compensate for disability. Rehab ends when the patient has met functional goals established by the therapist and or medical team. Client-Centered model: OT collaborates witht client to identify occupational problems and priorities, set goals, and enable client participationthrough supporting skill development and taking preventive actions and/or through adaptation of tasks and environments.

Chapter 2: Applied Models of Health Care in Occupational Therapy Practice – Flashcards

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