question

functional groups

answer

the special molecular groups or accessory molecules that bind to organic compounds

question

covalent

answer

carbon has 4 electrons in its outer ring to be shared with other atoms through _____ bonding

question

biochemicals

answer

organic compounds produced by living things

question

carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids

answer

four types of biochemicals

question

macromolecules

answer

biochemicals are often very large molecules known as __________

question

lipids

answer

all macromolecules except ____ are formed by polymerization

question

polymerization

answer

a process by which repeating subunits (monomers) are bound into chains (polymers)

question

monomers

answer

amino acids are ______ that compose proteins

question

protein

answer

a polymer of amino acids is a ______

question

carbon (carbo) - water (hydrate)

answer

most carbohydrates are made up of a combination of ____ and _____

question

Sulfur - nitrogen

answer

in addition to C and H2O, some carbohydrates also contain atoms of ______ or _______

question

sugar (saccharide)

answer

a simple carbohydrate that has a sweet taste

question

monosaccharide

answer

a simple polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone molecule containing from 3-7 carbons

question

disaccharide

answer

a combination of two monosaccharides

question

polysaccharide

answer

a polymer of five or more monosaccharides in linear or branched chain patterns

question

6 carbons

answer

hexoses are composed of ______

question

5 carbons

answer

pentoses are composed of ______

question

glucose

answer

the mose common and universally important hexose

question

5 carbons (hexose)

answer

glucose is made up of __ carbons

question

glucose
fructose
xylose

answer

three monosaccharides

question

lactose
maltose
sucrose

answer

three disaccharides

question

glycosidc bonds

answer

the subunits of disaccharides and polysaccharides are linked by _____

question

glycosidic bonds

answer

bond by which carbons on adjacent sugar units are bonded to the same oxygen atom like links of a chain

question

dehydration synthesis

answer

polysaccharides are formed through a reaction called ______

question

starch
cellulose
glycogen

answer

______, ______, and ____ are all polymers of glucose

question

how the glucoses are bonded together

answer

the differences between starch, cellulose, and glycogen are caused by ___

question

cellulose

answer

the cell walls in plants and algae derive their strength and rigidity from _________

question

peptidoglycan

answer

a special class of compounds in which polysaccharides are linked to peptide fragments

question

lipopolysaccharide

answer

the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria also contain ________, a complex of lipid and polysaccharide responsible for s/s of fever and shock

question

gram negative

answer

lipopolysaccharides are a component of the cell wall of ______ bacteria

question

glycocalyx

answer

"sugar coating" composed of polysaccharides that covers the outer surface of many cells

question

glycocalyx

answer

functions in attachment to other cells or as a site for receptors(surface molecules that receive external stimuli or act as binding sites)

question

sugar molecules

answer

small _____ _____ account for the differences in human blood types

question

antibodies

answer

carbohydrates are a component of these large protein molecules

question

glycoproteins

answer

viruses have ______ on their surfaces with which they bind to and invade cells

question

hydrolysis

answer

breaking the bond between two glucose molecules is called _______ because it requires a molecule of H2O

question

Starch

answer

the primary storage food of green plants, microscopic algae, and some fungi

question

glycogen

answer

a stored carbohydrate for animals and certain groups of bacterian and protozoa

question

lipid

answer

an operational term for a variety of substances that are not soluble in polar solvents such as water but will disolve in nonpolar substances (benzene, chloroform)

question

hydrocarbon (H-C) - nonpolar

answer

lipids are composed of long _____ chains that are _____ and hydrophobic

question

triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
waxes

answer

4 main groups of lipids

question

Maltose

answer

glucose + glucose =

question

sucrose

answer

glucose + fructose =

question

triglycerides

answer

important storage lipids

question

triglycerides

answer

fats and oils are included in the ______ group of lipids

question

glycerol

answer

triglycerides are composed of a single molecule of _____ bound to three fatty acids

question

glycerol

answer

a 3 carbon alcohol with 3 OH groups that serve as binding sites

question

fatty acids

answer

long chain hydrocarbon molecules with a carboxyl group at one end that is free to bind with gylcerol

question

carboxyl

answer

in a triglyceride, the ____ group of the fatty acid binds with glycerol

question

Carboxyl group

answer

[image]

question

unsaturated - H

answer

if there is at least one C=C bond in a fatty acid chain, it is considered _______ because it is missing a __

question

phospholipids

answer

a class of lipids that serves as a major structural component of cell membranes

question

two - glycerol - phosphate

answer

phospholipids are composed of ___ fatty acid chains attached to a _____ and the third glycerol binding site holds a _______ group

question

alcohol

answer

the phosphate group of a phospholipid is always bonded to an ________

question

polar - nonpolar

answer

the phosphate head of a phospholipid is ____ which attracts it to water and the tail is _____ which repels water

question

steroids

answer

complex ringed compounds commonly found in cell membranes and animal hormones

question

sterol

answer

steroid with an OH group

question

cholestrol

answer

sterol that reinforces the structure of the cell membrane in animal cells and in mycoplasms

question

mycoplasmas

answer

cell-wall deficient bacteria whos structure is reinforced by cholesterol

question

ergosterol

answer

sterol that is present in the cell membranes of fungi

question

prostaglandins

answer

fatty acid derivatives found in trace amounts that function in inflammatory and allergic reactions, blood clotting, and smooth muscle contraction

question

wax

answer

an ester formed between a long-chain alcohol and a saturated fatty acid
- soft when warm and hard at room temp

question

amino acids

answer

____ ____ have a basic skeleton consisting of a C linked to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a H atom, and a variable R group

question

amino group

answer

NH2

question

amino acid

answer

[image]

question

peptide bond

answer

covalent bond that forms between the amino group on one amino acid and the carboxyl group on another

question

peptide

answer

a molecule composed of short chains of amino acids di=2 tri=3 tetra=4

question

polypeptide

answer

a peptide that contains an unspecified number of AA but ussually more than 20

question

polypeptide

answer

smaller subunit of a protein

question

50

answer

a protein ussually contains a minimum of ___ amino acids

question

primary structure

answer

the type, number, and order of amino acids in the chain
- varies extensively from protein to protein

question

secondary structure

answer

arises when various functional groups exposed on the outer surface of the molecule interact by forming hydrogen bonds (how it folds)

question

tertiary structure

answer

third degree of torsion created by additional bonds between functional groups

question

quaternary structure

answer

more than one polypeptide forms a large, multiunit protein

question

enzyme

answer

serves as the catalyst for all chemical reactions in cells, and nearly every reaction requires a different one

question

antibodies

answer

complex glycoproteins with specific regions of attachment for bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms

question

native state

answer

the functional 3-D form of a protein

question

denatured

answer

of the native state of a protein is disrupted, it is said to be ______

question

DNA

answer

the master computer of cells

question

DNA

answer

contains special coded genetic program with detailed and specific instructions for each organisms heredity

question

DNA - RNA

answer

____ transfers the details of its program to ____

question

RNA

answer

helper molecule responsible for carrying out DNA's instructions and translating DNA program into proteins that can perform life functions

question

nucleotides

answer

both RNA and DNA are polymers of repeating units called _____

question

nitrogen base
pentose
phosphate

answer

a nucleotide is composed of these three components

question

purines (two rings) - pyrimidines (one ring)

answer

the nitrogen base of a nucleotide is a cyclic compound that comes in these two forms

question

adenine (A) - guanine (G)

answer

two types of purines that may be found in the nitrogen base of a nucleotide

question

thymine (T) cytosine (C) uracil(U)

answer

three types of pyrimidines that may be found in the nitrogen base of a nucleotide

question

uracil

answer

DNA contains all of the nitrogen bases except ________

question

Thymine

answer

RNA contains all of the nitrogen base except ________

question

ribose

answer

the nitrogen base is covalently bonded to the sugar _____ in RNA

question

deoxyribose

answer

the nitrogen base is covalently bonded to the sugar _____ in DNA

question

phosphate-sugar

answer

the backbone of a nucleic strand is a chain of alternating _________

question

nitrogen bases

answer

the _____ branch of the phosphate-sugar backbone of the nucleic strand

question

thymine

answer

adenine ordinarily pairs with _______

question

adenine

answer

thymine ordinarilly pairs with _______

question

cytosine

answer

guanine ordinarilly pairs with ________

question

guanine

answer

cytosine ordinarilly pairs with ________

question

hydrogen bonds

answer

nitrogen bases are attracted to each other because each pair shares oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen atoms exactly positioned to align perfectly for ______

question

long

answer

DNA molecules are ussually extremely ____

question

single strand - uracil

answer

RNA is a _____ ____ containing ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose and ______ instead of thymine

question

protein synthesis

answer

three major types of RNA are important for ______

question

messenger (mRNA)
transfer (tRNA)
ribosomal (rRNA)

answer

three major types of RNA important for protein synthesis

question

messenger RNA (mRNA)

answer

a copy of a gene that provides the order and type of amino acid in a protein

question

gene

answer

a single functional part of the DNA

question

transfer RNA (tRNA)

answer

a carrier that delivers the correct amino acids for protein assembly

question

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

answer

a major component of ribosomes

question

ATP

answer

a relative of RNA that is involved in completely different activity

question

ATP

answer

a nucleotide containing adenine, ribose, and three phosphates rather than just one

question

2nd and 3rd

answer

ATP gives off energy when the bond is broken between the ___ and ____ (outermost) phosphate

question

release - store

answer

ATP serves to ____ and ____ energy for cellular chemical reactions

question

energy

answer

breakage of the terminal bond of ATP releases _____ for cell work and creates ADP

Chapter 2 – Microbiology – Flashcards

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