Chapter 17: Therapy – Flashcards
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as either psychological therapies or biomedical therapies
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How are mental health therapies classified?
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psychological therapy is more commonly called psychotherapy; this type of therapy is appropriate for disorders that are psychological; involves an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and mental patient
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Psychotherapy
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involves the use of prescribed medication and medical procedures that act directly on a person's nervous system
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Biomedical therapy
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some therapists adopt a biopsychosocial view blending several psychotherapy technqiues
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Eclectic Approach
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attempts to combine methods into a single coherant system
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psychotherapy integration
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psychoanalytic, humanistic, cognitive, behavioral
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What are the four major forms of pscyotherapies
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the first formal psychotherapy to emerge; developed by Freud based on his personality theory
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Psychoanalysis
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Freud assumed that many psychological problems originate in childhood impulses and conflicts that are repressed; it attempts to bring anxious feelings into conscious awareness so that they can be dealt with
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What is the aim of psychoanalysis?
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Freud's technique of saying whatever comes to mind as part of psychoanalysis
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Free association
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when in the course of therapy and free association, a patient omits shameful or embarassing material
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Resistance
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the psychoanalyst's interpretation of resistance, omissions, dreams, and other information revealed during a therapy session
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Insight
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the hidden meaning of dreams
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latent content
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when strong feelings similar to those experienced in other relationships are developed toward a therapist
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transference
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interpretations are hard to refute; therapy takes a long time and is expensive
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Psychoanalysis critcisms
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influenced by Freud's psychoanalysis but who talk to the patient face to face; in addition they work with patients only once a week and for a few weeks or months
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Psychodynamic therapists
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focuses on symptom relief rather than past hurt; a brief alternative t o psychodynamic therapy that has proven effective with depression
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interpersonal therapy
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aims to help people boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-acceptance and self-awareness
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Humanistic therapies
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focus more on present and future than past; conscious rather than unconscious thoughts, take immediate responsibility for feelings; promote growth instead of curing illness
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Humanistic therapies vs Psychoanalysis
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nondirective therapy where the therapist does not interpret the patient's problems and listens to the needs of the patient in an accepting way; based on Carol Roger's theory; genuineness, acceptance, empathy
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Person-Centered Therapy
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Rogers technique;echoes, restates, and clarifys what a person is saying; give a nonjudgmental environment that provides unconditioned positive regard
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Active listening
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therapy that applies learning principles to the elmination of unwanted behaviors
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Behavior therapy
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psychoanalysts expect problems to subside as people gain insight into their unresolved problems; Humanist believe self-awareness has healing power; behaviorists doubt the power of self-awareness and see behaviors as problems and focus on treating symptoms
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Behavior therapies vs Psychoanalysis vs Humanistic
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a new incompatible response is substituted for a maladaptive response; new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behavior
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Classical conditioning Techniques: Counterconditioning
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exposure therapy and aversive conditioning
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What are the two types of counterconditioning?
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the most widely used technique of behavior therapy; exposes patients to things they would usually avoid; through repeated exposure, anxiety lesses
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What is exposure therapy?
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systematic desensitization, virtual reality exposure
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What are the different types of exposure therapy?
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Joseph Wolpe; you can't be anxious and relaxed; sets up hierarchy, training in progressive relaxation, person is trained to associate relaxed state with anxiety arousing stimuli
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systematic desensitization
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simulations for those who are unable to visually imagine anxiety-arousing situations
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virtual reality exposure
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associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior; UCS: Drug-UCR;nausea; CS-Alcohol-UCR: Drug; CS-Alcohol-nausea
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Aversive conditioning
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therapies that influence behavior by controlling its consequences; behavior modification
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Operant conditioning technique
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reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors; token economy
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Behavior modification
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in institutional settings therapists may create a token economy in which patients exchange a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior for various priveleges or treats
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token economy
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1) people say that it is unethical; proponents reply that they can wean patients from tokens and teach people to respond to intrinsic motivation 2)when the reinforcements stop, the dependent behavior disappears
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What are two criticisms of behavior modification?
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therapists who teach people new, more constructive ways of thinking and acting base on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reaction
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cognitive therapy
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one variety of cognitive therapy attempts to reverse the catastrophizing beliefs often associated with depression by helping clients see irrationalities
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What did aaron beck believe in relation to cognitive therapy?
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a form of cognitive therapy builds on the finding that depressed people do not exhibit the self-serving bias and trained depressed patients to record positive events
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What did Adele Rabin believe in relation to cognitive therapy?
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training people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations; students trained to dispute their negative thoughts are less likely to experience future depression; Meichenbaum
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Stress inoculation
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treatment that combines an attack on negative thinking with efforts to modify behavior
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cognitive-behavior therapy
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normally consists of 6-9 people attending a 90 minute session that can help more people and cost less. Clients benefit from knowing that others have similar problems
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Group therapy
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the type of group interaction that focuses on the fact that we live and grow in relation to others; therapists focus on communication within the family and helping family members to discover new ways of preventing and resolving conflict
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Family therapy
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self-help and support
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What are the two common types of group therapy?
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most support groups focus on stigmatized and hardtop discuss illness; groups for the addicted, divorced, and those looking for fellowship and growth
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Support groups
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not
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Most therapy today is _________ provided by pscyhologists
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people enter therapy in crisis and when the crisis passes, they attribute it to improvement; clients need to believe it works; clients speak kindly of therapists
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Why are client testimonials not persuasive evidence for the effectiveness of psychotherapy?
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clients justify entering therapy by emphasizing their unhappiness and justify leaving by emphasizing their well-being; clinicians are aware of failures but believe failures are the problems of other therapists; clinicians are likely to testify to the efficacy of their therapy regardless of the outcome
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Why are clinicians testimonials not persuasive evidence for the effectiveness of psychotherapy?
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clients and therapists' perceptions of therapy are inflate by the placebo effect and their belief that a treatment works
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Placebo Effect
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the tendency for unusual events or emotions to return to their usual state
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regression toward the mean
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controlled
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In hopes of better assessing psychotherapy's effectiveness, psychologists have turned to ___________ research studies
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showed that the rate of improvement for those who received therapy was not higher than the rate for those who did not
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Hans Eyesneck study
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a statistical technique that makes it possible to combine the results of many different psychotherapy outcome studies
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meta-analysis
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somewhat effective
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Overall, the results of such analyses indicate that psychotherapy is ________ ________
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their is no clear difference and that the type of therapy provider doesn't matter and that whether therapy is provided by an individual therapist or within a group does no matter
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Comparisons of the effectivenss o different forms of therapy reveal....
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cognitive,behavioral, and interpersonal
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What psychotherapy's are effective in treating depression?
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cognitive, exposure therapy, and stress inoculation
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What psychotherapies are effective in treating anxiety?
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cognitive-behavioral
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What psychotherapies are effective in treating bulimia?
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behavior modificato
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What psychotherapies are effective in treating bed wetting?
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behavioral conditioning
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What psychotherapies are effective in treating phobias, compulsions, and other specific behavior problems?
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specific (phobias or panic, unassertiveness); problems that are less focused such as depression and anxiety usually show relapse in the future
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As a rule, psychotherapy is most effective with problems that are ___________
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a form of alternative therapy; a therapist triggers eye movement in patients while they imagine traumatic scenes; has proven somewhat effect as a treatment for nonmilitary post traumatic stress
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Eye movement desensitization and Reprocessing
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finger tapping is just as effective an the beneficial results come from reliving traumatic memories and a placebo effect
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What do skeptics point out about EMDR?
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wintertime depression
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Seasonal Affective Disorder
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seasonal affective disorder has been treated effectively by light exposure therapy and is scientifically validated
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Light Exposure therapy
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they provide hope for a demoralized person; they provide a new perspective on oneself; an empathetic, caring, and trusting environment is created
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What are the three commonalities of psychotherapy?
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do; cultures
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Generally speaking, psychotherapsits' personal values _____ influence their therapy especially when the patient and the client are from different _________
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individualism
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In North America, Europe, and Australia, most therapists reflect their culture's ________
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minority
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Differences in values may help explain the reluctance of some ________ populations to use mental health services
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they have PhDs mostly; they are experts in research, assessment, and therapy all of which is verified though a supervised internship
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Clinical Psychologist
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they have a masters of social work; postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy
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Clinical or Psychiatric Social Worker
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drug therapies
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What are the most widely used biomedical treatments?
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the field that studies the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior
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Psychopharmacology
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to guard against the placebo effect and normal recovery, neither the patients nor the staff involved in a study may be aware of which condition a given individual is in
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Double-blind study
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chlorpromazine and thorizine; remove a number of positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia by decreasing their responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli
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Classical antipsychotics
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clozapine; taken schizophrenia patients that display symptoms that are more negative; these drugs work y blocking receptors for serotonin and dopamine so that they stay longer in the system
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Atypical Anitpsychotic Drugs
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the presence of abnormal behavior; hallucinations, disorganized thinking, deluded ways
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Positive symptoms schizophrenia
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absence of appropriate symptoms; apathy, withdrawn, rigid body, expressionless face
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Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
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long-term use of first generation antipsychotic drugs can cause involuntary movements o the face, tongue, and limbs
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Tardive dyskanesia
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Xanax and activan; depress activity in the central nervous system and reduce anxiety and tension by elevating the levels of gamma-aminobutyrrc acid
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Antianxiety drugs
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Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil; SELECTIVE SERATONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR: improves the mood by elevating levels of serotonin by inhibiting reuptake
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Antidepressant drugs
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equally effective in calming anxious people and energizing depressed people
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Aerobic excercise
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use drugs that work bottom up, in combination with cognitive-behavior therapy that works top down
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What is a good combination of bottom up and top down methods?
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lithium carbonate
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What is often prescribed to treat a bipolar disorder?
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an effective drug used to control mania
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Depakote
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used for severely depressed patients who don't respond to drugs; the patient is anesthetized and given a muscle relaxant; patient recives a 100 volt shock to the brain tht relieves them from depression
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Electroconvulsive Therapy
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chest implants stimulated in the vagus nerve
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What is a gentler alternative to electroconvulsive therapy?
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aims to treat depression by presenting pulses through a magnetic coil held close to a person's skull above the right eyebrow; works by energizing the left frontal lobe which is relatively inactive in depressed people
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Repetitive Trancranial Magnetic Stimulation
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the biomedical therapy in which a portion of brain tissue is removed or destroyed
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Psychosurgery
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moniz; the frontal lobe of the brain is disconnected from the rest of the brain
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Lobotomy
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that they are in response to a stressful society; according to this view point, it is not just the person that needs treatment but the person's social contex
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What is an alternative view poin about psychological disorders?
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an advocate of preventative mental health cre and who believes that many social stresses undermine peoples sese of coetence, control, and self esteemsuchas poverty, criticism, racism, and sexism
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George Albee
