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the integration of the behavioral sciences with the practice and science of medicine

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behavioral medicine

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who uses the behavioral medicine to refer to the broad interdisciplinary field of science investigation, education, and practice that is concerned with health, illness, and related physiological dysfunctions

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Matarazzo

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a specialty area within psychology; includes health-related practice, research, and teaching by many kinds of psychologists---social, industrial, physiological, and others; specifically defined as the aggregate of the specific educational, scientific, and professional contributions of the discipline of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health, the prevention and treatment of illness, and the identification of etiologic and diagnostic correlates of health, illness and related dysfunction

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health psychology

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what two people state that health psychology "includes psychology's contributions to the enhancement of health, the prevention and treatment of disease, the identification of health risk factors, the improvement of the health care system, and the shaping of public opinion with regard to health"?

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Brannon and Feist

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perspective of health and illness that has developed over time as people sought to gain knowledge through experience and observation; focused on anatomy, "germ theory," and ultimately genetics in their attempt to define and understand illness and disease

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biomedical tradition

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major influence on our views of health and illness; psychological and social processes may either cause or influence illness and disease

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psychosocial perspective

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based on the assumption that certain illnesses and disease states are caused by psychological factors; psychosomatic illnesses have a different, specific underlying unconscious conflict predisposing the person to that disorder; largely the province of psychiatrists and physicians

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psychosomatic medicine

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during the 1960s, ________________ began to be implicated as specific risk factors for illness

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stressful life events

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characterized by hostility, competitiveness, and being time driven

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Type A personality

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the recognition that both psychological and social factors influence illness and health is the basis of this influential perspective; integration of the biomedical and psychosocial perspectives; illness and health are a function of biological, psychological, and social influences; represents how health psychologists conceptualize problems and plan interventions

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biopsychosocial model

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include genetic predispositions, nutritional deficiencies, and biochemical imbalances

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biological influences

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include individual's behaviors, emotions, and cognitions

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psychological influences

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include friends, family members, home environment, and life events

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social influences

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the tremendous cost of _______________ is a factor in the development of health psychology

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health care

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a process that involves an environmental event (a stressor), its appraisal by the individual (is it challenging or threatening?), the various responses of the organism (physiological, emotional, cognitive, behavioral), and the reevaluation that occur as a result of these responses and changes in the stressor

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stress

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what three systems of the body can be affected by stress?

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hormonal, autonomic, immune

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a system responsible for mobilizing body resources in urgent situations

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sympathetic nervous system

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the perception of stress causes the sympathetic nervous system to stimulate the _________________ of the adrenal gland; resulting in the production of the catecholamines epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine, whose effects on the body include increased heart rate, respiration, blood flow, and muscle strength

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adrenal medulla

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stress causes the ____________________to release ACTH which stimulates the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland to secrete glucocorticoids

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pituitary gland

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produce cortisol which mobilizes the body's resources and serves primarily to increase energy level and decrease inflammation

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glucocorticoids

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two psychologists that presented evidence suggesting that the nervous system and the immune system interact and are interdependent by demonstrating that immune system responses in rats could be classically conditioned

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Ader and Cohen

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___________________ may influence our decisions about adopting healthy or unhealthy behaviors; example --> self-efficacy

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cognitive variables

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people's beliefs about their capabilities to exercise control over events that affect their lives; relevant to a number of topics addressed by health psychologists, including major theories of health-related behavior change; lays a major role in the most prominent social cognitive models of health behavior

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self-efficacy

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posits that behavior is a function of threat appraisal and coping appraisal; Janey, an adolescent girl, faced a decision about whether or not to start smoking cigarettes because she would like to lose weight

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protection motivation theory

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an evaluation of factors that will affect the likelihood of engaging in the behavior, such as perceived vulnerability and perceived potential for harm

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threat appraisal

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an evaluation of one's ability to avoid or cope with negative outcome; influenced by one's self-efficacy, or belief that one can implement the appropriate coping behavior or strategy

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coping appraisal

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may result from disease processes; may lead to unhealthy behaviors; may directly affect disease through physiological mechanisms; underlying biological variable may relate to this and disease; several causes and feedback loops may affect the relationship between this and disease

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personality factors

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disease linked to type A personality and behavior

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coronary heart disease

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perceive time passing quickly; show a deteriorating performance on tasks that require delayed responding; work near maximum capacity even when there is no time deadline; arrive early for appointments; become aggressive and hostile when frustrated; report less fatigue and fewer physical symptoms; intensely motivated to master their physical and social environments and to maintain control

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Type A individuals

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points that hostile individuals experience larger increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and stress-related hormones in response to potential stressors; this is believed to encourage the development of coronary artery disease and the symptoms of coronary heart disease

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psychophysiological reactivity model

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proposes that hostile individuals are more likely to experience a more stressful psychosocial environment because they have higher levels of mistrust and are scanning their environments for possible future mistreatment

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psychosocial vulnerability model

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reflects a combination and integration of the psychophysiological and psychosocial models; proposes that those high in hostility create potentially stressful situations in their lives because of their general mistrust and their subsequent actions

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transactional model of stress

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does not assume that the physiological aspects of stress are the crucial link between hostility and health; proposes that hostile individuals tend to engage in poor health habits and thus are more susceptible to coronary heart disease

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health behavior model

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refers not only to the number of social relationships but also the quality of those relationships; interpersonal ties can actually promote health; a kind of coping assistance

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social support

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a conditioned emotional reaction is eliminated by creating a situation in which the conditioned stimuli are no longer associated with the environmental stimuli that generated the behavior

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extinction

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good example of counterconditioning; patient taught to relax in the face of anxiety-provoking stimuli

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systematic desensitization

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used in systematic desensitization; designed to enable individuals to produce a state of lowered arousal through their own efforts; patients are usually taught the basic behavioral principles related to their symptoms and how therapy relates to the implementation of these principles; then, patients are taught to self monitor; finally, patients receive specific training in relaxation

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relaxation techniques

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can be used in health psychology and behavioral medicine either to increase behaviors said to lead toward health or to decrease those said to contribute to health problems; positive/negative reinforcement/punishment

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operant conditioning

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therapist and patient draw up a formal agreement or contract that specifies the behaviors that are expected as well as consequences for certain behaviors

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contingency contracting

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emphasizes the role of thinking in the etiology and maintenance of problems

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cognitive behavioral therapy

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seek to change or modify cognitions and perceptions that are believed to be related to the patient's problem

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cognitive-behavioral interventions

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cognitive-behavioral therapy is a major component of a treatment for ________________________

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chronic headaches

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patients are taught to monitor their thinking processes via this whenever tension, worry, or anxiousness occurs; used in the causation of stress leading to head aches

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self-monitoring record

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popular and, for some, has become almost synonymous with behavioral medicine; encompasses a wide array of procedures through which a patient can learn to modify or control certain physiological processes; usually, the physiological process of interest is monitored by an apparatus and the information is fed back to the patient in the form of an auditory, tactile, or visual signal; the patient then attempts to modify the signal using a variety of techniques

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biofeedback

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a controversial approach to the treatment of alcohol problems that has as its goal light to moderate drinking. Clients are taught to monitor their alcohol intake closely and to develop coping responses that do not involve drinking

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controlled drinking

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in health psychology, the idea that by performing a few simple behaviors consistently (e.g., exercising, avoiding smoking, using seat belts), people may dramatically reduce their risk for health problems and may significantly reduce health care costs

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prevention

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descriptions of what will actually occur when one undergoes a stressful medical procedure

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procedural information

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a range of strategies for preventing relapse, usually in the context of treating the addictive behaviors. patients are directed to anticipate problem situations and are taught coping skills to navigate their way through these situations without engaging in the undesired behavior. or in the event of a lapse, patients are taught how to respond so as to prevent a total relapse

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relapse prevention

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a state of lowered anxiety, stress, and physiological arousal. may be induced in a number of ways, and it appears to be effective in the treatment of a number of health concerns

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relaxation

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descriptions of the sensations that will be encountered when one undergoes a stressful medical procedure

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sensory information

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