Chapter 17-18 – Flashcards
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Any factor that can contribute to the conversion of a healthy cell into a cancerous one is known as
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a carcinogen
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At which one of the following checkpoints might the cell cycle be halted if all of the DNA has not yet been replicated?
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G2
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Cancers that metastasize and invade normal tissues to impede their functions are called
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malignant tumors
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Cloning of human cells for the purpose of treating a patient is referred to as
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therapeutic cloning
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Common side effects associated with chemotherapy are due to
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death of normal cells caused by the chemicals
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Consider an individual undergoing cancer chemotherapy, taking a drug that slows or stops cell division. Which one of the following is a likely side effect of such chemotherapy?
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anemia
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DNA is organized and arranged in the nucleus as
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chromosomes
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During DNA replication, complementary nucleotides are added to the separated strands of the original DNA by enzymes. Which one of the following bases would a nucleotide contain if it were paired to a nucleotide containing thymine?
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adenine
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During the cell cycle, DNA replicates during the late G1 phase.
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False
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During which one of the following phases of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
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S phase
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How many codons are in the following sequence of nucleotides: AAAUGCUCGUAA?
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4
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Human cells, with the exception of the gametes, reproduce by mitosis.
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True
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It is evident that translation occurs at ribosomes because they contain binding sites for
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tRNA and mRNA
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Mitosis differs from meiosis in that only mitosis
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results in cells that are genetically identical to the original cell
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Mutations in DNA are usually repaired in healthy cells by DNA repair enzymes
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True
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Mutations in human DNA rarely impair normal cell function because
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multiple DNA repair enzymes usually quickly correct the mutations before any damage can occur
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Not only does smoking cause lung cancer, it also quadruples the risk of which one of the following types of cancer?
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bladder
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Once an RNA molecule has been made from DNA, it enters the cytoplasm of the cell where it is used by the cell to produce a
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protein
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Oncogenes are derived from
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proto-oncogenes
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The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommended that women who are not at risk for breast cancer wait to have yearly screening mammograms until age 50, as opposed to the previous recommendation of age 40, because
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breast tissue is more sensitive to radiation damage before menopause than after
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The dietary carcinogen aflatoxin can be found in
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raw peanut butter
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The process by which cells become specialized from one another is called
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differentiation
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The process by which growing tumors stimulate the growth of new blood vessels is called
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angiogenesis
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The process by which the DNA code is converted from a single gene into a complementary single strand of mRNA is called
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transcription
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The processes of initiation, elongation, and termination that occur in the production of a protein are all associated with
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translation
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The use of laser light to trigger toxic reactions specific to cancer cells is referred to as
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photodynamic therapy
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Tobacco is a carcinogen that has NOT been linked to the induction of cancer in which one of the following?
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liver
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Tumor suppressor genes function to
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slow down unchecked cell growth, differentiation, division, or adhesion
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Using the ABCD rule for diagnosing a melanoma associated with the skin, the "D" refers to
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diameter of the spot
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When a cancer remains in one location, it is referred to as
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in situ cancer
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Which one of the following CORRECTLY represents the progression to cancer?
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hyperplasia, dysplasia, in situ tumor, malignancy
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Which one of the following diagnostic imaging techniques does NOT expose the patient to additional radiation?
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ultrasounds and MRI
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Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the G0 phase of the cell cycle?
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Neurons and osteocytes remain in G0 after adolescence.
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Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the mitotic phase of the cell cycle?
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During mitosis, DNA is divided into two sets and distributed equally to the daughter cells.
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Which one of the following types of cancer is preventable by a vaccine?
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cervical cancer
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Which one of the following types of cancer kills the highest percentage of people diagnosed with the condition?
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lung
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