Chapter 16 AP Bio – Flashcards
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What are the two chemical components of chromosomes?
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DNA and proteins.
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What did researchers originally think that was the genetic material?
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Proteins
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Who studied to see why mice with the dead virulent strain + live non virulent strain were still dying?
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Griffith
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Change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of external DNA.
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transformation
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What did Oswald Avery determine to be the transforming factor?
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DNA
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____ extracted cellular contents and those cells with DNA extracted did not transform.
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Avery
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The ___ attaches to the cell, inserts its ___, takes over cellular machinery, and goes through ___ cycle to break / destroy the cell.
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phage, DNA, lytic
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In Hershey and Chase's experiment, ___ was labeled with radioactive _____. Proteins were labeled with radioactive ____. DNA did not have this, and the majority of the phosphorus in the phage was in the DNA.
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DNA, phosphorus, sulfer
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E. coli were infected by the ___, and there was more radioactive phosphorus that entered. They concluded that ___ carried the genetic information to produce DNA and proteins.
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phage, DNA
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____'s rules: A pairs with T, C pairs with G. He arrived at this when he noticed specific ratios in same species.
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Chagraff's
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List the three components of a nucleotide.
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Nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate group.
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Who built the first model of DNA and shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for discovery of its structure?
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Watson and Crick.
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What was the role of Rosalind Franklin in the discovery of the double helix?
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X-Ray Crystolography.
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_____ have 1 organic ring, ____ have 2 organic rings.
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Pyrimodines, purines
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Whose model showed that for the DNA double helix structure to work, A must pair with T, and C must pair with G?
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watson crick
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Adenine
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Purine, B
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Guanine
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Purine, B
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Cytosine
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Pyrimodine, B
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Thymine
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Pyrimodine, D
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Uracil
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Pyrimodine, R
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A forms _ hydrogen bonds with _. G forms _ hydrogen bonds with _. Pyrimodines always bind to ____.
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2, T, 3, C, purines
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What is the distance across a DNA molecule?
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1nm
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What is the distance between nucleotides?
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.34nm
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What is the distance between respective turns?
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3.4nm
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What are the components of the backbone?
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Sugar and phosphate
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What are the components of the rungs?
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Nitrogoneous base
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_' refers to the _' carbon which is close to the phosphate group. _' refers to the carbon at -OH group.
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5, 5, 3
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The subunits of the sugar-phosphate backbones run in opposite directions of each other.
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antiparallel
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Double strands separate and new DNA forms from old strands as templates
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semi-conservative
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Who performed the experiments that elucidated the correct mechanism of DNA replication?
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Meselson and Stahl
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How was "Heave" DNA created in Meselson and Stahl's experiment?
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Marking with N15.
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Site where replication of DNA begins and consists of specific nucleotide sequences.
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origins of replication
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____ strand continuously elongates. ___ strand has to wait a little, then work backwords because DNA nucleotides can only be added in the 5' to 3' direction and because the DNA is antiparrelel.
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Leading, lagging
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What is the direction of synthesis of the new strand?
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5'to 3'
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Segments of the lagging strand synthesized discontinuously. DNA ligase welds them together
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okazaki fragments
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What enzyme untwists and separates strands?
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Helicases
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What enzyme holds DNA strands apart?
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Single stranded binding protein
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What enzyme synthesizes RNA primer?
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Primase
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What enzyme adds DNA nucleotides to new strands of DNA?
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DNA pol III
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What enzyme relieves strain cause by unwinding?
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Topoisomerase
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What enzyme joins DNA fragments together?
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DNA ligase
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What enzyme removes RNA primer and replaces with DNA
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DNA pol I
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Make a detailed list of the steps that occur in the synthesis of a new strand of DNA.
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1. Helicase unwinds double helix. 2. SSBP stabilizes. 3. Leading strand synthesizes in 5' to 3' direction by DNA pol III. 4. Primase synthesizes RNA primer for okazaki fragments. 5. DNA nucleotides added to RNA primer on okazaki fragments. 6. DNA pol I removes RNA primar and adds DNA. 7. DNA ligase bonds okazaki fragments.
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What is the role of DNA polymerase in proofreading and repair?
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Adds new nucleotides.
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What is the role of nuclease in proofreading and repair?
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Exices damaged area of DNA
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What is the role of Ligase in proofreading and repair?
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Seals free ends of DNA
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What are the role of Repair enzymes?
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Repair genetic damage (like from UV light)
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Covalent linking of thymine is a____ _____. It is repaired by nucleotide exicion repair. It can occur by exposure of Ultraviolet rays of the sun.
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thymine dimer
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In ____ it is more compact and in irregular clumps. In ____, it is more dispersed and can be expressed.
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heterochromatin, euchromatin
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What are the pairs?
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AT, CG
