Microbiology Chapter 16 Test Questions – Flashcards
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| immunity |
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| the ability to ward off disease through body defenses |
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| susceptibility |
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| lack of immunity |
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| innate immunity |
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| all body defenses that protect the body against any kind of pathogen |
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| adaptive immunity |
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| defenses (antobodies) against specific microrganisms |
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| first line of defense |
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| physical barrier and the nonspecific chemicals of the skin and mucous membranes as well as normal microbiota |
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| keratin |
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| waterproof protein |
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| ciliary escalator |
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| moves mucous up and out |
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| sebum |
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| contains unsaturated fatty acids which inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria |
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| fungistatic |
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| inhibits growth of fungi |
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| lysozyme |
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| found in tears, saliva, nasal secretions, and perspiration |
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| gastric juice pH |
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| the high acidity (1.2-3.0) prevents microbial growth in the stomach |
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| skin pH |
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| 3-5 |
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| vaginal secretion pH |
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| 3-5 |
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| plasma |
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| fluid component in the blood |
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| formed elements |
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| the cells and cell fragments in the blood |
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| granulocytes |
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| neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils |
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| neutrophils |
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| phagocytic and they travel to the site of infection. 60-70% |
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| basophils |
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| produce histamine, inflammation and allergic response. .5-1% |
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| eosinophils |
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| toxic to parasites, some phagocytic activity. 2-4% |
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| agranulocytes |
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| monocytes, dendritic cells, lymphocytes. |
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| monocytes |
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| mature into macrophages, fixed in lung, liver and bronchi, wander in tissues. 3-8% |
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| dendritic cells |
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| phagocytic, initiate adaptive immune response |
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| lymphocytes |
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| induce T cells, B cells and NK cells, involved in specific immunity. 20-25% |
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| T cells |
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| cell mediated immunity |
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| B cells |
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| produce antibodies |
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| platelets |
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| blood clotting |
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| chemotaxis |
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| process by which phagocytes are attracted to microorganisms |
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| TLRs |
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| Toll Like Receptors on a phagocyte adhere to the microbial cells |
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| opsonization |
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| coating the microbe with serum proteins |
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| PAMPs |
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| Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern that is recognized by the TLRs on the pathogen |
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| phagolysosome |
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| cell fusion involved in phagocytosis |
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| antigen processing |
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| proteins delivered to the surface and displayed and remaining debris is eliminated through exocytosis |
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| inhibit adherence |
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| M protein, capsules- so compliment proteins cant bind |
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| leukocidins |
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| kill phagocytes (part of evasion of phagocytosis) |
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| membrane attack complexes |
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| lyse phagocytes |
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| TNF |
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| Tumor Necrosis Factor stimulates the production of acute phase proteins |
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| acute phase proteins |
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| complement, cytokine and kinins |
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| vasodilation |
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| caused by the release of histamine, kinins, prostoglandins and leukotrienes. |
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| margination |
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| ability of phagocytes to stick to the lining of blood vessels |
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| diapedesis/emigration |
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| ability of phagocytes to squeeze through blood vessels |
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| IL-1 |
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| Interleukin-1, released when phagocytes engulf endotoxins. causes fever |
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| protoglandins |
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| released by the hypothalamus to reset the body to a higher temperature. causes fever |
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| fever |
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| chill indicates a rising body temperature; crisis (sweating) indicates a falling body temperature (when IL-1 is eliminated) |
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| advantages to fever |
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| increases transferrins, increases IL-1 activity and produces interferons |
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| disadvantages to fever |
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| tachycardia, acidosis, dehaydration, 44-66 C is fatal |
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| complement system |
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| group of serum proteins that activate one another to destroy invading microorganisms |
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| C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9 |
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| mostly C9, make a pore in the cell membrane to allow cell lysis |
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| C3a and C5a |
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| bind to mast cells to release histamine |
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| C5a |
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| attracts phagocytes |
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| C3b |
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| coats pathogens |
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| classical pathway |
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| microbe has antibodies attach and these tag the microbe, C1 binds to the stem of the antibodies and then the cascade of activation takes place |
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| capsules |
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| precent complement activation |
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| surface lipid-carbohydrate complexes |
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| prevent membrane attack complex formation |
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| interferons |
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| antiviral proteins produced in response to viral infection |
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| IFN alpha and beta |
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| induce uninfected cells to produce AVPs that prevent viral replication. Interferons released are produced by virus infected cells to protect neighboring cells by being released, going into the neighboring cell, and inducing the production of AVPs |
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| gamma interferon |
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| activated neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria |
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| transferrins |
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| iron binding proteins- transport and store iron and deprive most pathogens of available iron |
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| antimicrobial peptides |
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| AMPs- lyse bacterial cells |
