Chapter 14 Host Defenses I: Overview and Nonspecific Defense – Flashcards
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| What are the Nonspecific Chemical Defenses? |
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| - Sebaceous Secretions - Lysozyme in tears - Lactic acid and elctrolyte concentrations of sweat. - Skin's acidic pH and fatty acid content - HCI in the stomach - Degestive juices and bile in the intestine - Semen- antimicrobial chemical - Acidic pH in the vagina |
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| What Genetic Differences in Susceptibility? |
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| - Some host are genetically immune to the diseases of other hosts. - Particularly true of the specificity of viruses. - Historical importance |
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| What is the second round of innate, nonspecific defense? |
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| - inflammation - Interferon (Fights infection) - Phagocytosis - Complement |
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| What is the third line of innate, nonspecific defense? |
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| - Acquired - Specific - Antibodies, B cells, T cells |
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| What is Immunology? |
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| The study of all features of the body's second and third lines of defense |
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| What are healthy function immune system is responsible for? |
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| - Surveillance of the body - Recognition of foreign material - Destruction of entities deemed to be foreign |
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| What type of sells must distinguish self from non-self cells? |
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| White Blood cells |
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| How do white blood cells evaluate cells? |
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| They exam the makers on the other cell surfaces. So are self cells and non-self cells surfaces. |
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| Systems involved in Immune Defenses? (Body Compartments) |
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| - Reticuloendotheial system (RES) - Extracellular Fluid (ECF) - Bloodstream - Lymphatic system |
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| Is Communication between compartment essential? |
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| YES |
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| What is Reticuloendothelial system tissues like? Also what are examples of these tissues? |
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| - Like network of connective tissue fibers. - It provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs. - Examples: Thymus, Lymph nodes, spleen. |
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| What is another name of white blood cells? |
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| Macrophages. Also act like a police car in the body and tissues |
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| What is the main component of our first line of defenseA) Phagocytes B) Antibodies C) Chemicals D) Physical Barriers |
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| D) Physical barriers |
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| What is Lymphatic system? |
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| Compartmentalized network of vessels, cells, and specialized accessory organs. |
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| What does Lymphatic system do or Functions? |
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| - Transports lymph through a system of vessels and lymph nodes. - Provide return of extracellualr fluid to the circulatory system proper - Act as a drain-off system for the inflammatory response - Render surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials. |
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| What are axllary lymph nodes act like? |
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| A club house of white blood cells. |
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| What is Lymphatic fluid? |
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| Plasma-like liquid formed when certain blood components move out of blood vessels into the extracellular spaces and diffuse or migrate into the lymphatic capillaries. Also Composition parallels that of plasma, but without red blood cells |
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| What is the Lymphatic vessels? |
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| - Along the lines of blood vessels - Similar to thin-walled veins - High numbers in hands, feet, and around the areola of the breast. - Flow of lymph is in one direction only- form extermities toward the heart - Lymph is moved through the contraction of skeletal muscles through which the lymphatic ducts wend their way. |
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| What are the Lymphoid organs and tissues? |
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| - Lymph nodes - Thymus - Spleen |
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| What is a lymph Nodes? |
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| - Small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs - Usually found in clusters along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. - Major aggregations |
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| What is Major aggregation? |
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| Axillary nodes, inguinal nodes, cervical nodes. |
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| What is Spleen? |
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| - Similar to a lymph node except it filters blood instead of lymph. - Filters pathogens from the blood - Where old blood cell go. |
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| What is the Thymus? |
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| - Originates in the embryo - High rates of activity and growth until puberty - Shrinks gradually through adulthood - Thymic hormones help thymocytes develop specificity to be released as mature T cells |
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| Where are T-cells maturation? |
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| The Thymus |
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| What are Miscellaneous lymphoid Tissue? |
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| - Tonsils - Breast of pregnant and lactating women. - Gul-associated lymphiod tissue(GALT) - Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) - Skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) - Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) |
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| Circulatory System |
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| - Ciculatory system proper - Lymphatic system |
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| What is Whole blood? |
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| Blood cells suspended in plasma |
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| What is Serum? |
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| Plasma without clotting factors |
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| What is Fundamental characteristics of Plasma? |
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| - Hundreds of different chemicals - Main component is water (92%) - Proteins such as albumin and globulins - Immunochemicals - Fibrinogen and other clotting factors - Hormones, nutrients, dissolved gases, and waste products. |
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| Hematopoesis? |
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| Production of blood cells |
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| Red blood cells |
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| Erthrocytes |
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| White blood cells |
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| Leukocytes |
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| Platelets |
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| Thrombocytes |
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| What are the two types of Leukocytes? |
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| - Granulocytes - Agranulocytes |
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| What is a Granulocytes? Also what are the three types of Granulocytes? |
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| - Large cytoplamic granules, lobed nucleus. 1) Neutrophils 2) Basophils 3) Eosinophils (Spells out Ben) |
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| What is a Agranulocytes? Also what are the three types of Agranulocytes? |
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| - Very small granules, rounded nucleus 1) T cells 2) B cells 3) Monocytes |
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| What is Nuetrophil? |
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| - Nuclei- Horse shoe or polymorphic nuclei - Most common leukocyte (Most common SGES) - Present inn high numbers in blood and tissue - Phagocytizes bacteria - First to arrive during and immune response(inflammation) |
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| What is Eosinophil? |
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| - Prenssent in the bone marrow and spleen - Attach and destroy eukaryotic pathogens - Associated with inflammation and allergies |
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| What is Basophil? |
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| - Present in low in number in the body. - Function is similar to eosinophils - Localized basophils are called mast cells - Mast cells important in allergic responses |
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| What are Agranulocytes? |
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| - Lymphocytes 2nd most common leukocyte Thirdline of defense |
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| T- Cells? |
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| Cell-mediated immunity |
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| B-cells? |
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| Antibody- mediated immunity |
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| Monocytes? |
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| Become macrophages |
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| What are Monocyte? |
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| - Discharged by bone marrow into bloodstream, live as phagocytes for a few days, then diffenetiate into MACROPHAGES, long-lived |
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| What are Monocytes responible for? |
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| - Many specific and nonspecific phagocytic and killing functions - Processing foreign molecules and presenting them to lymphocytes - Secreting biologically active compounds that assist, mediate, attract, and inhibit immune cells and reactions. - Dendritic cells |
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| What is Erythrocytes? |
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| Develop from stem cells in the bone marrow. - Lose their nucleus just prior to entering circulation - Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues |
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| What is Platelets? |
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| - Formed elements in circulating blood - Not whole cells - Function primarily in hemostatsis and in releasing chemicals for blood clottong and inflammation |
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| What would be the effect of lysozyme treatment on Staphylococcus cellsA) They would starve B) They would lyse C) They would grow D) They would be unaffected |
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| B) They would Lyse (Found in tears) |
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| What is in the second line of defense? |
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| - Inflammmation - Phagocytosis - Interferon - Complement - Relatively nonspecific in their effects, but do communicate with 3rd line of defense. |
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| What is inflammatory response of the body? |
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| - Reaction of any traumatic event in the tissue - Classic signs and symptoms (The five symptoms signs) - Fifth symptom has been added: loss of function. |
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| What is the classic signs and symptoms of inflammatory response? |
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| - Rubor (Redness) - Calor (Warmth) - Tumor (Swelling) - Dolor (Pain) |
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| What are the chief functions of inflammation? |
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| - Mobilize and attract immune components to the site of the injury - Set in motion mechanisms to repair tissue damage and localize and clear away harmful substances - Destroy Microbes and block their further invasion. |
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