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in the year 1500 the social and economical prospects of europe were

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on the rise, spurred by commercial

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the term protestant means

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dessenting

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theologically martin luther was a follower of

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saint augustime of hippo

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as a young monk, luther...

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was fearful that he could never do enough good deeds to deserve salvation

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luther was a professor of theology at

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wittenburg

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luthers doctirne of justification by faith meant thay

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humans are only madde of worthy of salvation by their faith in god

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luther belived that people were saved by

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gods grace alone

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luther belived tht works of piety and charity were

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visible signs of each persons invisible spiritual state

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the church taght that indulgences worked to reduce the penance that the individual owed to god

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by drawing on the good deeds of martyrs and saints from thr treausry of merits

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luther was drivin to post his ninety five theses by

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the sale of indulgences in his region which promised automatic salvation

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luthers 95 these objected primarly to the

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doctrine of indulgences and the misunderstandings that arose from the doctrine

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luthers doctine of the priesthood of all behaviors argued that

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everyone ven priest were equal before god

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luthers religious reforms included all of the folowing except

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denying thatc hrist was truly present at the lords supper

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luther belived that the priest could marry becuse

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there was no spiritual distinction between the laity and the clergy

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one reason why luther was able to win great public support for his position was the introduction of

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printed pamphlets to disseminate his views

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although luthers disputes witht he church generally dealt with matters of doctrine, he also had disputes with the papacy itself over

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the lifestyles of the popes themselves.

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many graduates of universities in germany became supporters of luther becuse

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german gradutes rarely found employment eith the catholic church and so were not disposed to support it

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luthernism would not have survived and flourished without the support of

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german princes

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luthernism was attractive to many princess in germany becuse

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they belived that the new faith would give them more control over religious policies, personnel and wealth in their territeries

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aside from religion motivations, many free cities in the holy roman empire found lutheranism appealing because

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town counclis and guild masters could use reforms as a way to oppose local aristicrats and bishops

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the german peasent revolt of 15 25

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cemented the allience of lutherinismwith state power

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in switzerland protestant reforms were usually imposed by

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leading citizens

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for zwingli, the eucharist

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was an important commemoration of christs historical sacrifice on the cross

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in contrast to lutherans, zwinglians, and calvinists, anabaptists

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belived that only adults should be baptized not children.

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after 1534 anabaptists were greatly feared by secular authorities in europe becuse they

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were asspcited with extremist groups that threatened the social order

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the mennonites had their most immediate theological origins in

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anabaptism

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thenmost definitivr statemet of protestant

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calvins insttues of the christan religion

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calvins theory emphazied first and foremost

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the sovereighnty and omnioitence of god

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with respect to salvation, calvin argued that

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god alone chose who was saved and who was dammed and ones fate could ot be changed

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in comparisonto lutheranism calvinism was much more

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authoritarian with respect to personal conduct and morality

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under calvin guidence, genevas government can be best described as a

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theocracy

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the main function of the calvinist consistory of geneva was to

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supervise public and private morals

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the settlement reached via the peace of augusburg in 155 was that

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each german prince would rule a territory that was cathlic or lutheran

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after 1525 protestantism was domesticated by becoming more politcally conservative and by focusing on

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the patriarchal family as the central insitution of reformed life

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protestantism began as a dissent against the church and had many radical manifestations but it eventually became domesticated due to

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a dependemce of protestant leaders on local politicians leader

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protestant authority figures from fathers to secular rulers had a responsiblity to discipline those under their control becuse protestant belif taught that

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undisciplined people tended tword doing evil and could thus destroy human society

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protestantism introduced a new examplar of female holiness, the

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goodwife

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by the sixteenth century, both protestant and catholic cities were

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insttuting strict govermenatl supervision of morality.

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by insisting marriage was not a sacrament and could be regulated by secular authorities, protestamntism allowed for

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increased parental control over marriages

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why would clemt the 7th not permit king henry the 8th of england to annul his marriage to catherine aaragon and marry Anne boleyn

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becuse catherine nephew emperor charles the fifth controlled rme at the time and disapproved of henrys request for an annulment

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the first english monarch to enforce protestaant theology in the english church was

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king edward the 6th

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in attempting to restore catholicism in england, queen mary did all of the folowing except

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restore the property of monasteries and convents

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although elizebeth 1 began her reign by striking a balance between catholic and protestant doctrines and practices, england became more protestant during her rule becuse

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protestant belif became an intergral part of english national identity.

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the counter refoemation dreew its inspiration primarily from

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christian humanism

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the popes of the counter reformation period were noted for their

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ability to administer the church ably

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at the council of trent, the catholic church

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reaffirmed almost all of the doctirnal claims that protestants critisized

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prior to founding the society of jesus ignatius loyola was

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a mercenary soldier

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loyolas spiritual excerses offers an interesting contrast to luthers writings becuse in loyolas works

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christians can master their will and work toward thier salvation

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the primary activities of the new jesuits oder were

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founding schools and being missionaries

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one of the most famous mystics who aided in the reform of the chruch in the 16th century was

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tersa of avila

CHAPTER 13 WESTERN CIV – Flashcards

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