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Section 2: Define and explain the significance of feudalism.

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Political system of local government based on the granting of land in return for loyalty, military assistance, and other services (page 294).

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Section 2: Define and explain the significance of fief.

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Grant of land given to a vassal from a lord (page 294).

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Section 2: Define and explain the significance of vassal.

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Person granted land from a lord in return for services (page 294)

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Section 2: Define and explain the significance of primogeniture.

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System of inheritance from father to eldest son for ownership or possession of land (page 294).

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Section 2: Define and explain the significance of manorialism.

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Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land (page 297).

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Section 2: Define and explain the significance of serfs.

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Peasants who were bound to the land where they worked for a lord (page 298)

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Section 2: Define and explain the significance of chivalry.

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Code of conduct that dictated knights' behavior toward others (page 298).

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Section 2: What are some responsibilities of Lords on a manor?

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1. Manage the manor 2. Organize the manor to be able to defend and fight wars.

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Section 2: What are some responsibilities of Peasants on a manor?

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1. Had to work the manor land 2. Pay taxes to the lord

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Section 2: How was medieval Europe different from previous civilizations?

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In previous civilizations, there were large-scale governments. However, in medieval Europe, most Europeans were governed by small, local, independent leaders, most often local lords.

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Section 2: What were the chief political and economic characteristics of feudalism?

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The chief political and economic characteristics of feudalism was that of granting land (called a fief) in return for service. A powerful noble would grant land to a lesser noble. The lesser noble (called a vassal), in return for the land, promise certain services to the powerful noble, such as protection, especially during time of war with other nobles. The lesser noble could even take the land given to him and grant portions of it to other nobles. So, basically, feudalism is based upon the granting of land in return for services. Even kings and churches granted land in return for services.

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Section 2: What were the chief political and economic characteristics of manorialism?

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The chief political and economic characteristics of manorialism was that of self-sufficiency and that of a class system. The manor had to be self-sufficient because central authority and organized trade was almost nonexistent during the Middle Ages. Manorialism was also a class system. There were the lords who owned the manor and the land. There were the peasants who worked the land and did most of the work, for the lord.

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Section 4: Define and explain the significance of shires

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Shires are governmental districts in early England; governed by a shire-reeve ( Sheriff )

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Section 4: Define and explain the significance of common law

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Common laws are laws based upon customs and judges decisions rather than upon written codes.

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Section 4: Identify and explain the significance of Alfred the Great

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Alfred the Great came to throne of Wessex determined to drive the Danes from the island in 871

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Section 4: Identify and explain the significance of Edward the Confessor

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By 1042 the Danish line had died out and the Anglo-Saxon nobles chose Edward the Confessor as their new king.

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Section 4: Identify and explain the significance of William the Conquer

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William the Conquer was crowned king of England in December 1066. Brought feudalism from France to the newly conquered England. Shaped England's new feudal system and the the king, not nobles, held supreme authority.

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Section 4: Identify and explain the significance of Henry the Second

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Henry the Second ruled from 1154 to 1189, also made decisions that increased royal authority.

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Section 4: Identify and explain the significance of Thomas Becket

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Thomas Becket was the Archbishop of Canterbury, refused to allow his clergy to be tried in royal court. Becket was named a saint, and his shrine in Canterbury became a popular destination for pilgrims.

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Section 4: Identify and explain the significance of Eleanor of Aquitaine

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Eleanor of Aquitaine was a wife to two kings, also one of the most powerful women in medieval Europe. In France, she created a center of medieval culture at the court of Poitier's.

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Section 4: Identify and explain the significance of Magna Carta

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The Magna Carta was a document that King John was forced to accept because of the threats of an armed uprising. Latin for Great Charter

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Section 4: Identify and explain the significance of Simon de Montfort

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Simon de Montfort was a powerful lord who led the revolt, aimed to build middle-class support for the nobles' cause.

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Section 5: Identify and explain the significance of Otto I

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Otto I, latter known as Otto the Great, was elected king in Germany in 936. Worked to develop a strong kingdom in Germany like that of the Capetians in France. Otto I (Otto the Great) was crowned Emperor of the Romans in 962 by Pope John XII. Otto I (Otto the Great) ruled Germany and northern Italy. His empire stood as a major power in Europe in Europe for hundreds of years after his crowing. (page 310)

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Section 5: Identify and explain the significance of Henry III

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Henry III reigned emperor between 1046 and 1056 and represented the height of imperial power. Viewed the church as a branch of the imperial government. During Henry's reign, three different men claimed the papacy. Henry removed these men fro office and elected a German as pope. He also chose the next three popes. (page 311)

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Section 5: Identify and explain the significance of Henry IV

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Henry III's death in 1056 brought his five-year-old son, Henry IV, to the imperial throne. At the age of 15, Henry moved to strengthen his imperial rule and his actions brought him into conflict with Pope Gregory VII. The struggle between Henry and Gregory reflected the clash between church and state that was a continuing issue in the Middle Ages. The conflict between Henry IV and Gregory VII concerned the old issue of lay investiture (the appointment of bishops by temporal rulers). The conflict between Henry IV and Gregory VII ended with Henry's seeking Gregory VII mercy because of the fear of rebellion. Gregory VII revoked Henry IV excommunication. (page 311)

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Section 5: Identify and explain the significance of Pope Gregory VII

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Eventually Henry's actions brought him into conflict with one of the great leaders of the medieval church, Pope Gregory the Seventh.He worked to bring spiritual reform to the church by increasing the power and authority of the papacy. Believed that the church was the supreme spiritual and temporal power on earth. Pope Gregory VII came into conflict with Henry IV. The struggle between Henry and Gregory reflected the clash between church and state that was a continuing issue in the Middle Ages. The conflict between Henry IV and Gregory VII concerned the old issue of lay investiture (the appointment of bishops by temporal rulers). The conflict between Henry IV and Gregory VII ended with Henry's seeking Gregory VII mercy because of the fear of rebellion. Gregory VII revoked Henry IV excommunication. (page 311)

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Section 5: Identify and explain the significance of Frederick Barbarossa

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Frederick Barbarossa (Frederick I) ruled Germany from 1152 to 1190, sought to control Italy. Frederick Barbarossa, seeking to strengthen his rule by gaining wealth, set out to capture the Lombard cities of northern Italy. He was defeated by the Lombard League. Frederick Barbarossa means \"Frederick of the Red Beard). (pages 312)

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Section 5: Identify and explain the significance of Pope Innocent III

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Pope Innocent III lived between 1198 and 1216, greatly strengthened the church and increased its worldly power. Innocent III was the strongest of the medieval popes. Innocent III was a skillful political leader and believed in the supreme earthly power of the papacy. To Innocent III, emperors and kings were no more than servants of the church. Because of this belief, Innocent III felt that he had the authority to settle all political, as well as spiritual, problems. Innocent III involved himself in disputes all over Europe. Innocent III was able to greatly increase papal authority and prestige in medieval Europe. (pages 312-313)

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Section 1: Define and explain the significance of medieval

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Medieval is the period of western European history known as the middle ages

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Section 1: Identify and explain the significance of Middle Ages

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Middle Ages was the time in history between the end of the classical age and the beginnings of the modern world.

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Section 1: Identify and explain the significance of Clovis

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Clovis became king of one of the Frankish tribes in 481. He was a able military leader.

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Section 1: Identify and explain the significance of Merovingians

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Merovingian's was the name of Clovis and his successors.

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Section 1: Identify and explain the significance of Charles Martel

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Charles Martel was the son of Pepin the Second, and became mayor of the palace. He died in 741

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Section 1: Identify and explain the significance of Carolingians

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Carolingians was a new line of Frankish rulers

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Section 1: Identify and explain the significance of Charlemagne

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Charlemagne Pepin's son and the greatest of all Frankish kings.

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Section 1: Identify and explain the significance of Louis the Pious

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Louis the Pious was the only surviving son of Charlemagne, proved to be a well-educated and religious king but a weak and shortsighted ruler. died in 840

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Section 1: Identify and explain the significance of Magyars

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Magyars was a nomadic tribe who settled in what is now Hungary, terrorized Europe for about 50 years before they were finally defeated.

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Section 1: Identify and explain the significance of Vikings

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Vikings were the most feared invaders of western Europe during the 800s and 900s.

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Section 3: Define and explain the significance of sacraments

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Sacraments are ceremonies at which participants receive God's direct favor, or grace, to ward off the consequences of sin

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Section 3: Define and explain the significance of curia

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Curia is a group of adviser to the pope drawn from the highest ranks of clergy

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Section 3: Define and explain the significance of cardinals

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Cardinals are Catholic officials ranking next below the pope

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Section 3: Define and explain the significance of monasticism

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Monasticism is the way of life in convents and monasteries where nuns and monks withdraw from the world and its temptations

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Section 3: Define and explain the significance of abbot

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Abbot is a head of a monastery who controlled all property.

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Section 3: Define and explain the significance of abbess

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Abbess is a head of a convent who served a role similar to an abbot

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Section 3: Define and explain the significance of canon law

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Canon Law is the code of law in the Catholic Church

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Section 3: Define and explain the significance of interdict

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Interdict is the Catholic Church's punishment of a region, involving closing churches and withholding sacraments

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Section 3: Define and explain the significance of heretics

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Heretics are people who denied the truth of the official church's principles or who preached beliefs not approved by the church

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Section 3: Define and explain the significance of tithe

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Tithe is a church tax collected from Christians in early times that represented one tenth of their income; later became a gift to the church representing one tenth of a persons income

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Section 3: Define and explain the significance of simony

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Simony is the practice of buying

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Section 3: Identify and explain the significance of Saint Benedict

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Saint Benedict created rules to govern monks' lives.

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Section 1: Identify and explain the significance of Hildegard of Bingen

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Hildegard of Bingen wrote religious music and medical text. she lived from 1098 to 1179

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Section 1: Identify and explain the significance of Saint Patrick

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Saint Patrick brought Christianity to Ireland in 432

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Section 1: Identify and explain the significance of Saint Augustine

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Saint Augustine became the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Canterbury became the center of the Christian church in England

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Section 5: Why do you think the issue of lay investiture considered so important by both German emperors and popes?

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Lay investiture, which is the appointment of bishops by temporal (earthly) rulers, is important by both German emperors and popes because whom ever appointed the bishops practically would control the church. Whom ever controlled the church had much power.

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Section 5: Why do you think emperors and popes were unable to cooperate or to build alliances that would have strengthen both?

answer

Basically, emperors and popes were unable to cooperate or to build alliances because both church and imperial governments wanted ultimate power and control.

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Section 1: What actions helped Charlemagne to unify his empire?

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Charlemagne's victory over the Moors added a small strip of Spanish land, called the \"Spanish March\", to his large empire. Spread the church teachings and christian beliefs.

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Section 1: In what ways did the actions of Charlemagne's grandson cause the Carolingian Empire to become vulnerable to invaders from the north, south, and east.

answer

Charlemagne's grandsons and their successors fought among themselves.

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Section 5: Why was the issue of lay investiture considered so important by both German emperors and popes

answer

The appointment of bishops by temporal rulers was a very important matter.

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Section 5: Why do you think emperors and popes were unable to cooperate or to build alliances that would strengthened both.

answer

Cause either the Emperors or popes wanted complete control over everything.

Feudalism and Fiefs Feudalism and Fiefs: A System of Local Government and Land Grants.

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