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Speech anxiety

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Fear of public speaking and the nervousness that accompanies that fear.

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Fight-or-flight response (Walter Cannon)

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Physiological defense-alarm process triggered by stress. The myriad physiological changes that are activated by a perceived threat prepare humans and animals to fight the foe or flee the fear-inducing threat. Symptoms include accelerated heartbeat, increased blood pressure, increased perspiration, increased respiration.

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Dysfunctional speech anxiety

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Occurs when the intensity of the fight-or-flight response prevents an individual from giving a speech effectively.

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Functional speech anxiety

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Occurs when the fight-or-flight response is managed and stimulates an optimum presentation.

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Difference between Dysfunctional speech anxiety and Functional speech anxiety

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The degree of anxiety and your own ability to manage it.

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Causes of dysfunctional speech anxiety into 2 categories:

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1. Self defeating thoughts 2. Situational factors

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Catastrophic Thinking: Fear of Failure

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Exaggerating the magnitude of potential fear is a common source of stress and anxiety. Those with irrational fears predict a complete mental breakdown, fearing audience will laugh and hoot them off stage, view them as irredeemable fools.

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Perfectionist Thinking: No Mistakes Permitted

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Imperfections so glaring to perfectionist usually go unnoticed by their audience.

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Desire for Complete Approval: Trying not to offend

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It is highly unlikely that you will please everyone with your speech especially if its a controversial topic. Don't set standards at unreachable heights because you will tumble.

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3 anxiety-provoking situations relevant to public speaking

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1. novelty 2. conspicuousness 3. types of speeches

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Novelty of the speaking situation:Uncertainty

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-We often fear what is unpredictable or unfamiliar. -For inexperienced speakers, the mere novelty of the speaking situation may trigger speech anxiety. -As you gain experience the novelty wears off anxiety diminishes because you gain knowledge from giving speeches.

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Conspicuousness: In the Spotlight

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-Being conspicuous or the center of attention can increase your anxiety. - As the size of the audience grows, conspicuousness increases in most individual's minds -Gaining confidence can help anxiety

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Types of Speeches: Varying Responses

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-Types of speeches combined with situational challenges affect whether you experience anxiety. -Also giving a speech to an audience hostile to your expressed point of view may also engender high levels of anxiety. -Don't view a speech as a performance because you create unrealistic expectations for yourself.

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4 phases to speech anxiety symptoms

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1. Anticipation phase 2. Confrontation phase 3. Adaptation phase 4. Release phase

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Anticipation phase

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Symptoms elevate just prior to giving the speech.

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Confrontation phase

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face the audience and begin to speak

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Adaptation phase

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Kicks in about 60 seconds into speech. Reach a more comfortable level.

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Release phase

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60 seconds immediately following the speech.

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Severity

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Approximated by imagining what would happen if catastrophic failure did occur.

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Probability

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Highly improbably that all of these feared occurrences would transpire.

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Performance

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An attempt to satisfy an audience of critics whose members are focused on evaluating your presentation.

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Communication oreintation

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Focuses on making your message clear and interesting to your listeners.

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Coping statements

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"The best part is still ahead" "I'm past the tough part" shift the thought process from negative and irrational to positive and rational self-talk. Make it constructive.

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Visualization

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Positive images of success.

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Systematic desensitization

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Technique used to control anxiety, even phobias triggered by a wide variety of stimuli, operates on the principle that relaxation and anxiety are incompatible do not occur simultaneously, involves increasing mental exposure to threatening stimuli coupled with relaxation techniques.

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5 things that trigger attention involuntarily:

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1. Novelty 2. Startling appeals 3. Vital Appeals 4. Humorous Appeals 5. Intensity

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Novelty

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Attracts attention, audiences are naturally drawn to the new and different, stimulate interest in your subject before giving your purpose statement. To make novels appeals do unusual topics, unusual examples, unusual stories, unusual phrasing.

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Startling appeals

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A startling statement, fact, statistic can route audience attention, can be unsettling, meant to alarm, shock,astonish an audience into listening intently. Make sure to not be inappropriate when starling an audience.

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Vital Appeals

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Audiences tend to be me-oriented so personalize the appeal to all of your listeners, don't make a general appeal go in deep into audience.

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Humorous Appeals

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This is very effective if used right but that can be tricky. Don't force it. Tell funny stories or amusing occurrences to clarify points. it should amuse listeners while making a point, be sensitive to context it can backfire, use it very gentle.

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Intensity

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Concentrated stimuli, extreme degree of emotion, thought, activity. Play on the intense feelings of your audience by relating a tragic event, moving story,etc. But be careful because your listeners can respond in positive or negative ways.

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4 requirements for a competent introduction to a speech

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1. Gain attention 2. Make a clear purpose statement 3. Establish topic significance 4. Preview the main points

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Gain attention

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-Begin with a clever quotation that capitalizes on wit and wisdom, grabs attention with ironic humor and relates to the purpose statement. -Use questions by asking audience them -Can even poll audience -Ask rhetorical question -Tell a relevant story -Begin with a simple visual aid can draw in your audience and make a point.

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Make a clear purpose statement

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Provides the intent for your entire speech. It invites attention because it is novel and intense. Leads directly to a clear purpose statement.

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Establish topic significance

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Audience are me-oriented, establish the basis for why audience member should care to listen, relate your purpose statement to your audience, make topic relevant to audience.

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Preview the main points

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This presents the coming attractions of your speech, establish the credibility of the speaker.

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Anecdote

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A short entertaining story.

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Rhetorical question

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A question asked by a speaker not intended to be answered out loud. Make it meaningful.

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Requirements for Competent Conclusions

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1. Summarize the main points, remind the audience of the most important points in your speech. 2. Refer to the introduction if using a story/example in introduction refer to it again in the conclusion, provide closure. 3. Make a memorable finish. Do not end abruptly, be concise and to the point when finishing your speech.

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Specific ways to present supporting materials effectively:

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1. Examples- appropriateness and effectiveness, need knowledge and skill. Make them relevant. Choose vivid ones that trigger feelings and provoke strong images, stick in the mind for awhile. Stack examples when one is not enough to make a point. 2. Statistics- can be powerful.

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4 ways to use statistics effectively:

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1. Use accurate statistics accurately. 2. Make statistics concrete, clarify meaning. 3. Make statistical comparisons, gain perspective, compare with others. 4. Stack statistics create impact on central points in a speech.

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Style

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Composed of the words you choose to express your thoughts and the ways you use language to bring your thoughts to live for an audience.

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Differences between oral and written style:

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1.Whenever we speak, we usually use simple sentence than when we write. 2. Oral style is highly interactive, written not. 3. Oral style is usually less formal than written style grammar errors go unnoticed when we talk.

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Examples of effective oral style

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1. Clarity 2. Precision 3. Vividness

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Metaphor

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Is an implied comparison of 2 seemingly dissimilar things, may influence listeners attitudes.

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Mixed metaphor

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Use of 2 or more vastly different metaphors in a single expression, can sound goofy.

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Simile

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An explicit comparison of 2 seemingly dissimilar things using the word like or as.

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Cliche

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A once-vivid expression that has been overused to the point of seeming commonplace.

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Alliteration

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Repetition of the same sound usually a constant sound starting each word.

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Parallelism Vivid Rhythm

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A parallel construction has a similar arrangement of words, phases, or sentences which create a rhythm.

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Antithesis

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Using opposites to create impact. Examples: "it was the best of times, it was the worst of times", "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country"

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Problems of delivery that interfere with the effectiveness of message:

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1. Weak eye contact 2. Monotone voice 3. Vocal Fillers 4. Rapid pace 5. Awkward Body Movements 6. Distracting behaviors

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Emotional contagion

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Feel happy or sad depending on the speakers type of voice.

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Weak eye contact

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Avoid it by being familiar with speech, look and practice looking at entire audience.

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Monotone voice

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Strive for vocal variety, vary speaking voice by moving up and down the vocal range high to low sound, speak loud when you have an important point to make.

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Vocal Fillers

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The insertion of um,ah,like,you known,know what i mean,whatever substitute for pauses and often draw attention to themselves.

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Rapid pace

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Speaking pace should be lively enough to keep attention but not so fast that you appear to have consumed too much coffee. 175-200 wpm is good.

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Awkward Body Movements

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Strive for balance between excessive and insufficient body movement, posture erect, focus on message and audience and gestures will follow.

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Distracting behaviors

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Eliminating these helps create the impression of a polished performance.

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4 primary methods of delivering "the big four"

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1. Manuscript speaking 2. Memorized speaking 3. Impromptu speaking 4. Extemporaneous speaking

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Manuscript speaking

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May be an appropriate method of delivery in certain situations, takes practice to present a manuscript speech, drawbacks are speaker fails to have eye contact and gets buried in the manuscript.

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Memorized speaking

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Very hard to do, can be painful for listeners if forgotten, awkward silences, hard to make it sound natural instead of robotic.

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Impromptu speaking

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Is one delivered without preparation, asked to respond to a previous speaker without any warning.

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Extemporaneous speaking

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Sounds spontaneous because speaker glances at outline or notes, permits greater eye contact with the audience, allows speaker to respond to audience feedback as it occurs. Drawbacks are learning to speak from notes and outline takes practice.

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Extemp speech

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Delivered from a prepared outline or notes. Falls between impromptu and manuscript.

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Motivational speech

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Requires a lively, enthusiastic delivery, eye contact intense, voice loud, body movements drastic, speaker moves back and forth across stage or even into audience.

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After-dinner-speech "roast"

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Calls for a lively, comic delivery.

Chapter 13- Presenting Speeches – Flashcards

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