Chapter 13 bio test – Flashcards
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Charles Lyell
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His book about gradual geological change influenced Darwin
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Thomas Malthus
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Asserted that populations grow faster than resources
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Charles Darwin
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Wrote "The Origin of Species", explaining descent with modification
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Alfred Russell Wallace
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conceived a theory of evolution almost identical to Darwin's
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paleontologist
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a scientist who studies fossils
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reptilian
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fossils trace the evolution of mammals from a _______ ancestor
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strata
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rock layers
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sedimentary rock
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biologists rely mainly on fossils preserved in ________ ________
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bacteria & fungi
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an entire organism may be preserved if ______ & _______ do not decompose the corpse
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radiometric dating
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_______ _______ helps determine the ages of fossils
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prokaryotes
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the oldest fossils are _______ from 3.5 billion years ago
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fossil record
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the ______ ______ is the sequence of fossils within layers of rock
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Amber
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entire insects can be preserved in this
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sedimentary rock
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this forms from layers of mud and sand
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trace fossils
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footprints, burrows, and tracks are called...
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oldest
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the fossils found in the deepest strata are typically the ______
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population
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a group of individuals of the same species
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individual
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what natural selection acts on
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population
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what actually evolves
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gene pool
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all the alleles in all the individuals in the population
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microevolution
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change in relative frequencies of alleles in the gene pool
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mutation and sexual reproduction
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causes of variation
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genetic
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portion of variation relevant to natural selection
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mutation
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produces new alleles
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body (somatic) cells
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where mutations occur the most
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mutations in gametes
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mutations that affect the population'a variability
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harmful
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most mutations are ______
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duplication mutation
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important source of helpful variation
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prokaryotes
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organisms in which mutation alone generate most variation
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sexual reproduction
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generates the most new gene combinations in animals and plants
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evolution
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a change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
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theory
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well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
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3 errors of Lamarck
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1.) tendency toward perfection 2.) use and disuse 3.) inheritance of acquired traits
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fitness
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physical traits and behaviors enable organisms to survive and reproduce, results from adaptations
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artificial selection
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humans have modified species through selection and breeding
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natural selection
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camouflage adaptations in insects that evolved in different environments is an example of _____ ______
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evidence of evolution
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1.) fossils 2.) comparative anatomy 3.) comparative embryology 4.) molecular biology (biochemical evidence)
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comparative anatomy
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comparison of body structures in different species
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homologous structures
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have different functions but are structurally similar because of common ancestry ex. whale flipper and human arm
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Vestigial structures
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remnants of features that served important functions in an organism's ancestors ex. appendix
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comparative embryology
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comparison of early stages of development among different organisms, reveals homologies not visible in adults like a tail or gill slits
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molecular biology
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comparing DNA and amino acid sequences between different organisms, all life forms are related, all life shares a common DNA code for the proteins found in living cells and humans and bacteria share homologous genes that have been inherited from a distant ancestor
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Darwin's mistakes
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could not explain the cause of variation among individuals or how the variations were passed from parents to offspring
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NO
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does evolution occur all the time?
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genetic equilibrium
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situation in which allele infrequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change
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hardy-Weinberg principle
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that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change
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5 conditions of genetic equilibrium
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1.) random mating 2.) large population 3.) no movement into or out of the population (immigration & emigration) 4.) no mutations 5.)no natural selection
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main causes of evolutionary change
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1.) natural selection 2.) genetic drift 3.) gene flow 4.) mutation
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genetic drift
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a change in the gene pool of a population due to chance, affects small populations the most, "bottleneck effect" leads to a loss of genetic diversity when a population is greatly reduced
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gene flow
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movement of individuals or gametes between populations
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adaptive evolution
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only natural selection leads to this
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phenotypes
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natural selection acts on _______; resulting in changed of allele frequencies
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stabilizing selection
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favors intermediate phenotypes, acting against extreme phenotypes
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directional selection
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acts against individuals at one of the phenotypic extremes
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disruptive selection
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favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range
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