Chapter 13 – Andrew Jackson – Flashcards
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the people should be governed as little as possible
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Jeffersonian Democracy
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government should be done directly by the people
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Jacksonian Democracy
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Based on universal white man suffrage instead of property qualifications
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New Democracy
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a new type of politician that would represent common peoples' interests
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New voters demanded...
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Wealthy
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Who were in Political office?
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-Henry Clay (KY) -John Quincy Adams JQA (MA) -John C. Calhoun (SC)
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Jackson Opponents Election of 1824
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Election of 1824- _____ had the most popular votes but did NOT have the majority of the electoral vote
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Jackson
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House of Reps must choose among first 3 finishers in popular vote (Amendment)
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12th Amendment
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Speaker of House, In charge of selection -Sided with JQA
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Henry Clay
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Hated Jackson, his archrival for leadership in the West
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Henry Clay
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If Adams wins presidency, he will name Clay his new secretary of state
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The Corrupt Bargain
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House of Reps
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How the president was chosen if there was a tie
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Ranks as one of the greatest Secretaries of State
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JQA
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Least successful presidents
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JQA
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Hated Spoils system- only removed 12 public servants from federal payroll
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JQA
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____ increased while the Republican party fractured: increased hatred of Adams and Clay by Jacksonian
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Sectionalism
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On imports of Cheap textiles
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Tariff of 1816
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On iron goods and more expensive woolen and cotton imports
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Tariff of 1824
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Higher tariffs on imported raw materials (like wool ;hemp)
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Tariff of 1828
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South alone was against it, -Producers of world's cheapest cotton didn't need a protective tariff -Negatively impacted- American textiles and iron goods (or the taxed English goods) were more expensive!
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Tariff of Abominations 1828
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Made Westerners dislike him -Get more $ for public lands
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JQA Land Policies
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Land rights of Native Americans against white settlers
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JQA Supported
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Treaty with the Creek Indians to cede their land rights to GA (gets rejected)
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Treaty of 1825
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Helps the North but does nothing for South
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Affects on economy from tariffs
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Engineered Jackson's campaign for the Election of 1828
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Senator Martin Van Buren
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-Northern farmers and artisans -Southern slave owners -Farmers with small land ownings
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Old Jeffersonian Coalition
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-Created a national committee that oversaw local and state party units -Mass meetings, parades, picnics -(Political mudslidings)
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Democratic Party from remains of Jefferson's Old Party
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Rewarded political party workers with government jobs
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Spoils System
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Thought this wasn't right because people put into office weren't qualified
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Thoughts on Spoils System
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Jackson's quote meaning whoever wins the presidency can do as he pleases
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"To the victor belong the spoils"
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Jackson said federal jobs weren't offered for life, and a little change in government was beneficial
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Thoughts on Spoils System
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Jackson was loyal to the people who helped him get elected
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Spoils System
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___________ slid into government during SS
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Corruption
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heart and soul with the "plain folk"
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Andrew Jackson
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Common man was capable of uncommon achievments
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Andrew Jackson
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Employed the veto 12! times
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Andrew Jackson
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King Andrew I
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Opponents nickname for AJ
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Rotation in office
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AJ Belief
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Became corrupt and ineffective
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Civil Service
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AJ's Vice president Calhoun dropped out
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Cabinet Crisis
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Extra official cabinet of about 13 temporary members
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Kitchen Cabinet
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Senator Robert Hayne from South Carolina
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Represented State's Rights
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Spoke on behalf of the union "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable."
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Daniel Webster
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Late 1829, New England senator introduced a new bill designed to curb sale of public lands to stop the West from growing
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Cause of Webster-Hayne Debate
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-Western senators furiously defended their interests -Southern senators Seeking allies with the North East sided with the West -Showdown in Senate
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Webster-Hayne Debate
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Lasted 9 days in January 1830
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Webster-Hayne Debate
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-Jackson had been silent on Southern grievances -Jackson told Calhoun "Our Union: must be preserved!" -Calhoun answered "The union, next to our liberty, most dear!"
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Jefferson Day 1830
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A woman who caused an affair with the secretary of defense
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Peggy Eaton
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Lowered Tariff of 1828
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Tariff of 1832
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Lowered duties to 35% from about 45% or the 1824 level -fell far short of meeting all Southern demands
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Tariff of 1832
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South Carolina nullified the Tariff of 1832 -Called upon state legislature to make needed military preparations -Threatened to secede from the Union if Jackson attempted collection by force
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Reaction to Tariff of 1832
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Proposed a compromise that would reduce the tariff by 10% over 8 years
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Henry Clay
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Dubbed "Bloody Bill" by SC
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Andrew Jackon
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-Hold $ collected by gov in taxes -Help gov carry out taxing powers, borrow $, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce -Issue representative $ in form of bank notes -Ensure banks held enough gold'/silver if bank notes arised
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Original Bank of the US Goals
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-More $ than anyon else -Loaned $ to other banks -Tight $ policy which leads to resentment from other bankers & resented bc it had foreign investors
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2nd National Bank
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-Laissez Faire, separate government from economy
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Jacksons Bank Beliefs
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Anti-monopoly: the common man should have a chnce to succeed economically
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Jacksons Bank Beliefs
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Pushed to Recharter Bank of US 4 years earlier in 1932 as a political ploy against
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Henry Clay and the Bank
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Clay was leading candidate of National Republican party for president in 1832
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Election of 1832 Scheme
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-Recharter bull through Congress and send it to White House
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Henry Clays Scheme
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-If he signed it, it would alienate his western support -If he vetoed it, he'd alienate wealthy and influential of the East
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Clays Scheme Dilemma for Jackson
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"The bank... is trying to kill me, but I will kill it." -Bank was unconstitutional
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Jackson Vetoed BUS Charter in 1832
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Head of the BUS
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Nicholas Biddle
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Forced foreclosures in the West (NOT HELPING THE COMMON MAN)
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BUS
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President of the BUS -Czar Nicholas I
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Nicholas Biddle
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Pet Banks
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Federal deposits put in...
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Supporters believed in coinage only, and rejected all banks that issued paper money (including the national bank)
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Hard money
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Supporters approved of paper money and were made up of mostly bankers and allies to bankers
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Soft Money
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New policy where public lands to be purchased with "hard" money -Required payment for gov land to be in gold and silver -"wildcat" currency became unreliable
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Specie Circular
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Distrusted the government
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AJ Belief
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Many people respected the Indians but tried to Christianize them
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the Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians
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-Adopted a system of agriculture -Made an alphabet -Legal code -1827 written Constitution
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Cherokees tried to adopt American ways
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-The Cherokees -The Creeks -The Choctaws -The Chickasaws -The Seminoles
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Five Civilized Tribes
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-Passed by Congress -Indians moved to Oklahoma
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Indian Removal Act
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Uprooted from their sacred lands that they owned for centuries, and traveled to their new land
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Trail of Tears
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1836 to deal with Indians
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Bureau of Indian Affairs
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in Illinois and Wisconsin they revolted but were crushed
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Sauk and Fox Tribes
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Waged guerilla warfare against the US, but were broken after leader Osceola was seized
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Seminoles
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-Granted a large tract of land in Texas -300 families brought into the area
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Stephen Austin
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-Must establish Roman Catholic Faith -Become properly Mexicanized -Friction between Mexicans and Americans over issues of slavery, immigration, and local rights
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Texas Stipulations
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Resented the foreign government
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Texans
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Led the Texans
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Sam Houston
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Mexico freed its slaves and prohibited them in Texas, but made citizens angry
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1830 Mexico
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Went to Mexico City to clear up differences and was jailed for 8 months
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Stephen Austin
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Dictator who erased all local rights and raised an army to suppress Texans
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Santa Anna
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Texas declared its independence
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Early 1836
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Commander in Chief
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Sam Houston
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Battles Texas Lost
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The Alamo and The Goliad Massacre
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Texans Wins and wins the war gaining independence
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San Jacinto
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Santa Anna signs it -Withdraw Mexican Troops -Recognize the Rio Grande as Texas' southern border
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Texas Treaty
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Supported in their war by US
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Texas International Conflict
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Wanted to secure Martin Van Buren as his successor first -Recognized Texas on his last day before he left office
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Jackson's Hesitation
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Become apart of the Union but slavery blocked this
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Texans wanted...
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-Supported by Nothern industrialist and merchants
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Whigs
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Clay's American System
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Whigs
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Reduce Spoil System
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Whigs
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Sought to use national gov't to solve societies problems
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Whigs
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Supported by Common People
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Democrats
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States' Rights- Opposed "American System"
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Democrats
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Loved Spoil System
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Democrats
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Anti-monopoly
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Democrats
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Believed fed gov't should not be involved in people's lives
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Democrats
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Henry Clay and John C Calhoun
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Whigs led by
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-Little Magician -"First Class Second Rated Man" -Above average in experience, intelligence, education, training -Machine made candidate -Lacked support from Jacksonians and Democrats
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Martin Van Buren
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Caused by "wildcat banks" loans, over speculation of the "Bank War" and the Specie Circular, stating that debts must be paid in gold or silver
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Panic of 1837
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Banks that had received the money that Jackson had withdrawn from the BUS to kill it
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Pet Banks
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Separating the bank from the government and storing money in some of the vaults of the larger American cities, thus keeping the money safe but also unavailable that advocated the independent treasury -Merged into the Federal Reserve System
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Divorce Bill
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Tippecanoe and Tyler
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WHH and John Tyler
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Whigs- "Poor man's PResident"
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Harrison
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Popular election was close, but Harrison blew Van Buren away in the Electoral College vote
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Election of 1840
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Shortest Presidency
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WHH
