chapter 12 world history zach – Flashcards
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How did the sea help Japan preserve its identity?
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The sea allowed Japan to pick and choose which foreign customs and practices they would like to partake in. However it was their option and these practices were not forced upon them.
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How did the Yamato clan influence future Japanese government?
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They were Japan's first and only dynasty. Their beliefs that emperors were gods descended throughout the following ages. The emperors were then revered.
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How did Japan seek out Chinese influences?
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Japan sent nobles to negotiate, trade, and study in China. There they could study without consequence and get a better understanding of Chinese culture.
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How did women influence culture at the Heian Court?
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Women influenced culture at the Heian court by producing many works of Japanese literature. These works were later revered as some of Japan's many accomplishments.
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What was bushido and why was it important?
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Bushido is the way of the warrior. The codes emphasized honor, loyalty, and bravery to one's lord.
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How did the Tokugawas set up centralized Feudalism?
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By maintaining forms of a feudal society and imposing central government to control all of Japan.
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How was Zen Buddhism similar to bushido?
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The two were similar because they both reflected the need to seek loyalty and devotion to duty. Bushido focused on honor, loyalty, and bravery to one's lord. While Zen Buddhism focused on self-reliance and meditation.
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What new art forms catered to the growing middle class?
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Puppet plays, known as Bunraku plays and woodblock prints catered to the middle class.
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How did geography make Southeast Asia strategically important?
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Southeast Asia was strategically important because there was a seaborne trade between China and India. This trade had to pass through two straits which were very rich trade routes.
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What changes occurred as India increased contact with Southeast Asia?
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When India increased contact with Southeast Asia, trade, religion, writing, law, government, art, architecture, and farming thrived. Wealth and individual prosperity increased through contact.
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How did India influence the Pagan Kingdom, the Khmer empire and Srivijaya empire?
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Indians influenced the kingdoms by introducing Buddhism. The Pagan kingdom became a major Buddhist center along with the Khmer Empire. The Srivijaya empire adapted to Hinduism and Buddhism.
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How did China influence Vietnam?
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Chinese brought Confucian ideas, the civil service system, and a government bureaucracy to the Vietnamese.
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How did the relative location of the Korean peninsula influence the development of Korean civilization?
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Situated in between China and Japan, the Chinese had great influence in Korea. The Koreans adapted to many Chinese traditions seeing as they were located so close to one another.
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What were the achievements of the Koryo dynasty?
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The Koryo dynasty mastered the use of woodblock printing, they invented a movable metal type, and the creating of celadon.
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How did Korea preserve its own identity under the Choson dynasty?
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Korea preserved its identity by inventing hangul, a Korean phonetic alphabet. The learning of this raised the literacy rate greatly.
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Why might Korea's location be considered strategic to other countries?
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It is between China and Japan, so it acts like a bridge between the three countries. If a country wanted to pass their beliefs, start a war, or trade they could do it through Korea. It would be a strategic way to attack another country without having to use the sea.
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Give two examples of how Koreans adapted or modified Chinees ideas under the Silla or Koryo dynasty?
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They modified the woodblock printing system as well as the technique for making celadon.
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Today, Hangul Day is a holiday in South Korea. Why do you think Koreans celebrate the creation of their alphabet?
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They would celebrate it because it raised the literacy rate in Korea which led to their advancement in the world.
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How did the Mongol Empire change once conquest was over?
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The Mongols ruled by toleration and justice. They began to respect all religious beliefs . They were not oppressive rulers after their conquest was over.
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How did Kublai Khan organize Mondol rule in China?
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At first, he only allowed Mongols to serve in the military and high government positions. Ruled through a mix or Chinese and foreign customs.
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How did Ming rulers restore a previous style of Chinese Government?
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The restored a previous style by placing the civil service system and Confucian learning in act once again.
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What occurred in 1435 that changed China's relationship with the rest of the world?
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Zheng He died, which led the Chinese to forbid the building and sailing of ships. All of this limited China's involvement with the rest of the world limiting their "sense of power"
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How did the Mongol conquests promote trade and cultural exchanges?
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By conquering the Silk Road, China was in charge of a very powerful trade route that increased food, tools, inventions, and ideas throughout different cultures.
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Describe one effect of each of the following on China a) the Mongol Invasion b) the expulsion of the mongols c)the rise of the Ming dynasty.
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Order and peace emerged from the mongols conquering China. The expulsion of the Mongols led to a new and improved dynasty, the Ming. The rise of the Ming dynasty reinforced China's power through the sailing of Chinese fleets.
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How did the Ming emperors try to restore Chinese culture?
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The Ming emperors tried to restore Chinese culture by placing the civil service system in action one again along with Confucian learning..
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How did the Tang dynasty reunify China?
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The Tang reunified China by defeating Tibet, Vietnam, and Korea. They set up a tributary system on these countries. The Tang established land reform as well.
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How was the Song dynasty able to continue its prosperity despite threats from the north?
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They continued their prosperity by moving south of the Huang River. There they ruled for another 150 years.
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How did most Chinese people live?
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Through the gentry and peasant classes. The gentry were the wealth landowning class that spent their lives devoted to the study of Confucianism and the peasantry class were the lower income persons that wanted to rid themselves of the government.
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What themes did Tang and Song arts and literature address?
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They addressed, fantasy, romance, philosophy, religion, history, adventure, Chinese architecture, balance, harmony, and women. These were incorporated throughout some type of art or literature
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In what ways did the rise of the Tang dynasty unify and benefit China?
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It benefited China by bringing in revenue, peasants being given their own land, and expansion of government
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What was the significance of the Grand Canal to the Song dynasty?
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It was significant because it connected the Huang River to the Chang River. Through this connection food grown in the south could be shipped to the north. Mass production of grain.
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Describe the social structure of China under the Tang and Song dynasties. How did the social structure reflect Confucian traditions?
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The classes were divided by the gentry and the peasantry. The gentry spent their life studying Confucian teachings and consisted of the wealthy landowning class. The peasantry traded amongst themselves.
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What ideas and traditions shaped Chinese paintings?
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Balance and Harmony
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Explain the intersection of Hinduism, Buddhism, and the worship of Khmer nature spirits in the region.
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The three came to Southeast Asia through sea traders. Even though they converted to Buddhism, they still represented the three- nature spirits, Buddhism, Hinduism- through art and images of snakes and milk
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Salt Debate- key points
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-China -Emperor Wudi put monopolies on salt and iron -Emperor teaching government officials that greed and power is right - Emperor going against Confucian beliefs - not leading by example -Legalism rather than Confucianism
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Art of Government- key points
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- Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty - Emperor speaking to officials on the importance of individual opinion - do not agree for the sake of agreeing -put people above yourself - rule by example and correct where you believe there should be corrections
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Quingming Scroll- key points
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- piece of artwork illustrating daily life during Song dynasty -shows urbanization, commercialism, and the commercial revolution -illustrates how classes were able to trade and thrive after the mass rice production
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Who were the Japanese people influenced by?
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They were influenced by China
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Where is Japan located?
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It is located on an archipelago & consists of 4 main islands
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Where does Japan lie?
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It lies in the Ring of Fire, a chain of volcanoes, & has been subject to terrible tsunamis
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What clan formed Japan's 1st & only dynasty?
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The Yamato clan, they claimed descent from the sun goddess
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What was the traditional Japanese religion?
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Shinto, worship of the forces of nature
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What language is Japanese related to?
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Korean
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What happened in the 500s?
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Korean missionaries introduced Buddhism to Japan
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Who visited the Tang court in China?
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Nobles, students, & traders
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What did the Japanese do to the Chinese writing system?
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They revised it & added Kana, which are symbols representing syllables
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What was the World's first full-length novel called?
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The Tale of Genji during the Heian period by Lady Muraski
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Who was the head of the feudal society of Japan?
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The emperor was the head, but really he was powerless
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Who had the real power?
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The Shogun, or supreme military commander
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Who was appointed shogun in 1192?
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Minamoto Yoritomo
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What did the shogun do?
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Distributed land to lords, called daimyo, who agreed to support him with their armies
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What did the daimyo do in return?
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They granted land to lesser warriors called samurai
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What did the samurai do?
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They developed a code of values, known as bushido
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What did the bushido code emphasize?
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It emphasized honor, bravery, & loyalty to one's lord
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What happened between 1274 &1281?
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Kublai Khan tried to invade Japan, but typhoons wrecked the Mongol ships during both invasions
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What happened by 1590?
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Toyotomi Hideyoshi had brought most of Japan under his control
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What happened in 1600?
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Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated his rivals to become master of Japan. He ruled until 1868
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What were Zen monks?
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They were great scholars, yet they stressed the importance of reaching a moment of "non-knowing"
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What reflects the Zen value of peace?
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The tea ceremony
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What did the Kugawa rulers do?
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They created an orderly society & a strong central government
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What did the Zen Buddhists believe?
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They believed that people could seek enlightenment through meditation.
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Unites Korea, arts flourish, buddhism grows, capital Kyongju was the city of gold.
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Silla dynasty
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Replaced the Silla Dynasty in Korea capital was Songak metal type print led to mass productionn of books also produced celadon
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Koryo dynasty
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Korean ceramic pottery with a thin blue or green glaze.
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celadon
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Founded by a Korean Mongol general, this dynasty would last for over 500 years. It is one of the longest lasting dynasties in world history.
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Choson (yi) dynasty
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1443, Korea's most celebrated ruler decided to replace the complex Chinese system of writing. Developed hangul which was more how speaking sounds but using symbols.
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King sejong
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Korean alphabet that uses 14 consanatns and 10 vowels for folktales and popular literatre
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hangul
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Percentage of people who can read and write
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literacy rate
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undergo development or evolution
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evolve
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land surrounded by water on three sides
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penisula
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Originally a group of nomads from the steppes of Central Asia near the Gobi Desert
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Mongols
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Sparse, dry, treeless grassland
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Steppe
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Chinese dynasty in which Chinese rule was restored; held power from 1368 to 1644
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Ming Dynasty
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Meaning universal leader, this leader was able to unite all of the Mongols in the early 1200's
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Genghis Khan
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From who did Khan's troops learn how to take over walled cities using cannons?
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Chinese and Turkish military experts
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Khan died before he could completely take over China, but descendants conquered area of the Chinese coast and the Russia and the Middle East true or false
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True
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Used to describe the hundred years of peace and prosperity the Mongols brought to Eurasia
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Pax Mongolica
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Grandson of Genghis Khan, defeated the last song emperor in 1279
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Kublai Khan
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What countries did he rule from the capital, Khanbaliq?
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Tibet, China and Korea
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Kublai Khan dies and the Yuan dynasty begins to decline
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1295
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This leader over throws the Mongols (the Yuan dynasty) and unites theChinese people in 1368
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Zhu Yuanzhang
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This new dynasty is another word for brilliant
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Ming Dynasty
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These 3 things are restored under the Ming Dynasty to keep the gov't from becoming corrupt
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The board of censors, Confucian learning, and the civil-service exam
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The population grows to ___ people under the Ming Dynasty
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100 million people
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This admiral and diplomat explores the waters of Southeast Asia, Africa and the Middle East between 1405 and 1433
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Zheng He
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This city becomes the center of industry under the Ming Dynasty
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Nanjing
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The Ming begin a BLANK type of painting on their blue white porcelain vases sought after today
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Landscape painting
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Ming writers start to write fictional novels such as BLANK and some of the world's first detective stories
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The water margin
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After years of stable rule, the Ming finally are replaced by the Qing Dynasty in BLANK
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1644 AD
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chinese dynasty from 618-907
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tang dynasty
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ruler in the 600's he became ruler after his father and was known as a brilliant general government reformer and historian he would become chinas most admired emperor
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tang taizong
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an independent state that has to acknowledge the supremacy of another state and pay tribute to its ruler
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tributary states
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breakup of large agricultural holdings for redistribution among peasants
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land reform
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chinese dynasty from 960-1279 known for its artistic achievements
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song dynasty
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wealthy landowning class
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gentry
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in some societies payment from a brides family to the groom and his family payment a woman brings to the marriage
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dowry
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multi-storied buddhist temples with eaves that curve up at the corners
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pagoda
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the highest level of chinese society is emperor next were the scholar officials most came from the gentries after this were the peasants merchants had the lowest status
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levels of chinese society
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improved farming methods and open border policies new type of faster growing rice which allowed them to grow two crops a year which created surpluses and allowed more people to pursue commerce
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expansion of economy under song
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linked the Huang River to the Chang River which allowed thousands of tons of grain to be shipped to norther china during the song dynasty
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the role of the grand canal
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the policy weakened the power of large land owners and also increased government revenues since the peasants who farmed their own lands were also able to pay taxes
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land reform policy, how did this strengthen the central government
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women had a higher status in the song times that in later times women ran family affairs but men were still valued more than women they also allowed foot binding which was a symbol of nobility and beauty despite the pain it caused
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the status of women during song times; how was this reinforced
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Li Bo wrote about harmony with nature and lamenting the passage of time while Du Fu described the horrors of war and condemned the lavishes of the court Li Quingzhao wrote about the experiences of women when loved ones went off to war
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Chinese writing: differences between the various poets
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she was the only woman to rule China and help guide China through one of its most brilliant periods
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Wu Zhao
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he was the first Tang emperor and was a general under the sui dynasty
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Li Yuan
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he was a scholar and general and reunited most of China founding the song dynasty
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Zhao Kuangyin
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probably the greatest Tang poet who write about 2000 poems
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Li Bo
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the emperor of the Sui dynasty who reunited the north and the south
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Sui Wendi
