Chapter 12: patterns of Inheritance Study Guide – Flashcards
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allele
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one of several alternative forms at a particular gene.
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autosome
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chromosome in homologous pairs in males and females that does not bear the genes determining sex.
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carrier
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an individual who is heterozygous for a recessive condition.
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codominance
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relation between two alleles of a gene such that both alleles are phenotypically expressed in heterozygous individuals.
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cross-fertalization
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the union of sperm and egg from two individuals of the same species.
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crossing over
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exchange of corresponding segments of the chromatids of two homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
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dominant
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allele that can determine the phenotype of heterozygotes completely so that they are inditinguishable from individuals homozygous for the allele.
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down syndrone
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genetic disorder caused by having three copies of the 21st chromosome.
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gene
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unit of heredity that encodes the information needed to specify the amino acid sequence of proteins and hence particular traits.
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genetic recombination
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generation of new combinations of alleles on homologous chromosomes due to the exchange of DNA.
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genotype
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genetic composition of an organism.
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hemophilia
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recessive, sex linked disease in which the blood fails to clot normaly.
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heterozygous
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carrying two different alles of a given gene.
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homozygous
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carrying two copies of the same allele of a given gene.
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hybrid
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organism that is the offspring of parents differing in at least one genetically determined characteristic.
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incomplete dominance
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pattern of inheratance in which the hetrozygous phenotype is intermidiate between two homzygous phenotype.
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inheratance
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gentic transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring.
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kinefelter syndrone
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characteristics typically found in individuals who have two X chromosomes and one Y.
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law of indepent assortment
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independent inheratance of two or more distinct traits.
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law of segregation
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mendel's conclusion that each gamete recieves only one of each parent's pair of genes for each trait.
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linkage
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inheratance of certain genes as a group because the are parts of the same chromosme.
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locus
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physical location of a gene on a chromosome.
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multiple alles
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as many as dozens of alleles produced for every gene as a result of different mutations.
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nondisjunction
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error in meiosis in which chromosomes fail to segregate properly into two daughter cells.
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pedigree
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diagram showing genetic relationships among a set of individuals, normally with respect to a specific genetic trait.
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phenotype
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physical characteristics of an organism.
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polygenic inheratance
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a pattern of inheratance in which the interactions of two or more functionally similar genes determine phenotypes.
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punnett square method
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inuitive way to predict the genotype and phenotypes of offspring in a speicific cross.
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recessive
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allele that is expressed only on homzygotes and is completely masked in heterozygous.
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self fertalization
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union of sperm and egg from the same indvidual.
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sex chromosome
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pair of chromosmes that usually determines the sex of an organism.
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sex linked
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pattern of inheratance of characteristics of genes located on one type of sex chromosomes and not found on the other.
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test cross
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breeding experiment in which an individual showing the dominant phenotype is mated with an individual with a homozygous recessive for the same gene.
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trisomy 21
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down syndrone.
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trisomy X
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condition of females that have three X chromosomes instead of the normal two.
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true-breeding
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pertaining to an individual all of whose offspring produce through self fertalization and are identical to the parental type.
