Chapter 12 Health – Flashcards
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oxygen-poor blood travels through these large vessels
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venae cavae
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the two chambers found in the upper right part of the heart
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atria
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the blood is pumped to this after the left atrium is filled
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left ventricle
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the body's largest artery
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aorta
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distributes blood to the rest of the body's blood vessels
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aorta
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the period of the heart's contraction
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systole
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the period of relaxation of the heart
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diastole
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the smallest artery branch
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capillaries
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two large blood vessels that branch off the aorta and supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
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right and left coronary arteries
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one major risk factor of CVD that can be changed
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tobacco use
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the negative affect that smoking has on the body
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reduces the amount of oxygen available to the body
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Effects of smoking
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the platelets stick together in the bloodstream, leading to clotting, and it speeds the development of fatty deposit in the arteries
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another name for high blood pressure
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hypertension
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high blood pressure
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a disease
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the most prevalent form of CVD
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high blood pressure
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the risks that come with high blood pressure
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heart attacks and strokes
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short periods of high blood pressure
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is normal
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chronic high blood pressure
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is a health risk
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a normal blood pressure reading for a healthy adult
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below 120/80
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atherosclerosis
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a disease process that causes the arteries to become clogged and narrow, scars and hardens arteries, making them less elastic and further increasing blood pressure
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what does atherosclerosis do to the body
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it strains the arteries
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cells in the blood that are necessary for the formation of blood clots
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platelets
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systolic levels that classify someone as having prehypertension
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120-139
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diastolic levels that classify someone as having prehypertension
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80-89
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this happens when people's blood pressure isn't adequately controlled with lifestyle changes
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medication is prescribed
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cholesterol
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a fatty, wax-like substance that circulates through the bloodstream
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parts of the body in which cholesterol is the main component
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cell membranes, sex hormones, vitamin D, the fluid around the lungs, and the protective sheaths around the nerves
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Beginning at the age of 20, the National Cholesterol Education Program recommends lipoprotein to be tested once every ____ years
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5
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the levels that are associated with a higher risk of CVDs
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high LDL levels, total cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, and low HDL levels
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in order to reduce the risk of CVDs
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lowering LDL levels, total cholesterol levels, and triglyceride levels, and raising HDL
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why should someone raise their levels of HDL, what group of people is this especially true for
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higher levels seem to offer protection from CVD even where total cholesterol is high. this is especially true for women
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LDL level that is desirable
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below 100 mg/dl
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Total cholesterol level that is desirable
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below 200 mg/dl
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HDL cholesterol level that is high
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60 mg/dl or more
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the body's positive affects from physical activity
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it lowers CVD risk by helping to decrease blood pressure and resting heart rate, INCREASE HDL LEVELS, maintain desirable weight, improve the condition of blood vessels, and prevent or control diabetes
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things that need to be taken in order to reduce the chances of developing complications with type 2 diabetes
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a healthy diet, exercise, and careful control of glucose levels
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factors contributing to elevated triglyceride levels
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excess body fat, physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, type 2 diabetes, excessive alcohol intake, very high-carbohydrate diets, and certain diseases and medications
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traits of a Type A personality
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hostility, cynicism, and anger
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metabolic syndrome is most closely related to
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insulin resistance
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the age in which the incidence of stroke more than doubles in each successive decade
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people over 55
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African Americans suffer from which diseases more frequently
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hypertension, heart disease, and stroke
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affect of the body when C-reactive protein(CRP) is released into the bloodstream
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inflammation
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indicated by high levels of CRP
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a substantially elevated risk of heart attack and stroke
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atherosclerosis
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the thickening of the arteries by deposits of fat
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caused by the blockage of a coronary artery
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heart attack
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caused by a blockage of an artery in a limb
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peripheral arterial disease, a condition that causes pain and sometimes amputation of the affected limb
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a heart attack occurs when, and what is another name for it
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when a coronary artery becomes blocked the result is a myocardial infarction (MI)
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one symptom of a heart attack
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difficulty breathing
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angina pectoris
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the need for oxygen exceeds the supply
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symptoms of angina pectoris
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tightness in the chest and heavy pressure
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cause of sudden cardiac death
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arrhythmia
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from the first symptoms, how long does it take for death from a heart attack to occur
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2 hours
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arrhythmia
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an irregular heartbeat
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warning sign of a heart attack
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discomfort in other areas of the upper body
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imaging technique that provides pictures of the heart, which can help pinpoint abnormal areas of the heart
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echocardiography
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warning sign for a stroke
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numbness
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a technique in which a catheter with a deflated balloon on the tip is inserted into an artery; the balloon is then inflated at the point of obstruction in the artery, pressing the plaque against the artery wall to improve blood supply
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balloon angioplasty
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another name for a stroke
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cerebrovascular accident
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type of stroke most closely related to atherosclerosis
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a thrombotic stroke
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a wondering blood clot that is carried into the bloodstream and may become wedged in a cerebral artery
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embolus
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a blood vessel ruptures within the brain
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intracerebral hemorrhage
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a blood vessel on the brain's surface ruptures and bleeds into the space between the brain and the skull
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subarachnoid hemorrhage
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how to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome
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eat more unsaturated fats
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what causes a hemorrhagic stroke
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an aneurysm
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a blood-filled pocket that bulges out form a weak spot in the artery wall
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aneurysm
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not an effect of a stroke
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hormonal imbalance
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what is a transient ischemic attack
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ministroke
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congestive heart failure
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when the heart cannot maintain its regular pumping rate and force
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not a treatment for congestive heart failure
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increasing salt intake
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congenital heart defects is most commonly found in who
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children
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holes in the wall that divides the chambers of the heart and aorta
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congenital heart defects
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most common cause of sudden death among athletes younger than age 35
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hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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what is the first step of rheumatic fever
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strep throat
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not a symptom of strep throat
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gradual onset of a sore throat
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the most common heart valve disorder involves what valve
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mitral valve
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vitamins that help lower homocysteine levels
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folic acid, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12
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if you have no CVD risk factors, you should have your blood pressure measured by a trained professional when
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at least once every 2 years
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all people aged 20 and over should have their cholesterol checked when
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at least once every 5 years
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benign tumors
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noncancerous
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malignant tumors
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can invade surrounding structures
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the spread of cancer cells form one part of the body to another
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metasis
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signs and symptoms of cancer disappear, and the disease is considered to be under control
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remission
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smoking is responsible for
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30% of all cancer deaths
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test used to detect rectal and colon cancer
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sigmoidoscopy
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how are cancers classified
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according to the types of cells that give rise to them
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most common type of cancer
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carcinomas
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type of cancer that arises from connective and fibrous tissues such as muscle, bonce, cartilage, and the membranes covering muscles and fat
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sarcomas
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lymphomas are cancers of the lymph nodes
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part of the body's infection-fighting system
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leukemia
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cancer of the blood-forming cells the most common cause of cancer death in the United States
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lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in who
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women
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percent of death in which tobacco smoke is responsible
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87%
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factor that increases the risk of lung cancer
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exposure to environmental tobacco smoke
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increases risk of colon and rectal cancer
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a diet rich in red a processed meats
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a yearly stool blood test is recommended starting when
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at the age of 50
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not a risk factor of breast cancer
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previous injury to the breasts
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leads to an increase level of estrogen in the blood
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alcohol
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percent of cancer deaths from carcinogen exposure
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6%
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not an environmental carcinogen
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beta carotene
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takes a computer photograph of the brain
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CT scan
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not a risk factor of breast cancer
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early motherhood
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risk factor of breast cancer
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obesity
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risk factor for colon and rectal cancer dealing with food
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nitrate added to meat
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when is a mammography recommended for women
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over the age of 40
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prostate cancer
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the most common cancer in men
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who is most likely to suffer from prostate cancer
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not circumcised men
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techniques for early detection of prostate cancer include a digital rectal examination and what kind of test
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prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
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why has PSA testing been the subject of controversy among experts for several years
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it has a tendency to yield misleading results
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where do all cases of cervical cancer stem from
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papillomavirus (HPV)
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this test scrapes cells from the cervix
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pap test
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cancer of the lignin of the uterus
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endometrial
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does not increase the risk of endometrial cancer
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the use of oral contraceptives
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although ovarian cancer is rare, it causes
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more deaths
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exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB)_ radiation causes
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immediate sunburns
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fact about ultraviolet radiation
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it reflects off of sand
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who is considered to have a great degree of protection from ultraviolet radiation
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people with naturally dark skin
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basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas
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pearly nodules or red, scaly, sharply outlined patches
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not a characteristic of melanoma
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appears most commonly on the face
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the most dangerous skin cancer
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melanoma
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SPF 20 sunscreen
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allows you to remain in the sun without burning 20 times longer than without sunscreen
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characteristic of melanoma
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diameter larger than a pencil eraser
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not a most common cause of testicular cancer
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when a man is sexually active
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