Chapter 12 & 13 Nutrition – Flashcards
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Which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body?
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Water
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Among the following groups, which has the highest percentage of body water?
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Children
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In the body, water that resides between cells is known as...
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Interstitial Fluid
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All of the following are mild symptoms of dehydration except...
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Spastic Muscles
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Which of the following body structures helps to regulate thirst?
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Hypothalamus
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Where is interstitial water found?
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Between Cells
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Which of the following is a feature of water and nutrition?
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Water intoxication is rare but can result in death
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What minimum level of body weight loss as water impairs a person's physical performance?
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3-4%
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What minimum percentage of body weight loss as water results in fatigue, weakness, and loss of appetite?
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1-2%
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Abnormally low blood sodium concentration is known specifically as...
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Hyponatremia
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Which of the following is a feature of water?
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Generated from oxidation of energy nutrients
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The average daily loss of water via the kidneys, lungs, feces, and skin is approximately...
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1.5-2.5 liters
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What is the minimum amount of water (mL) that must be excreted each day as urine in order to carry away the body's waste products?
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500
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What is the minimum water intake for a 65-kg adult with an energy expenditure of 2,500 kcalories?
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2,500 mL
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Approximately how much water is in a loaf of bread?
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35% of the loaf
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The minimum amount of water that must be excreted by the body to dispose of its wastes is termed
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Obligatory water excretion
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The approximate percentage of water in pizza is...
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45%
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Approximately how many mL of water/day are produced by metabolism?
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250
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Which of the following is present in highest concentration in soft water?
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Sodium
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Habitual intake of soft water is most likely to aggravate?
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Hypertension
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Which of the following is a characteristic of caffeine intake and water balance?
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Habitual consumers of caffeine lose almost no more fluid from the body than when ingesting noncaffeinated beverages
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Which of the following types of drinking water contains the lowest amount of minerals?
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Distilled Water
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What organ provides the major control for homeostasis of body fluids?
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Kidneys
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How does antidiuretic hormone function?
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It stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys
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What pituitary hormone regulates kidney retention of water?
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Antidiuretic Horomone
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Factors that are effective in regulating the body's water balance include all of the following except?
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Adrenaline
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Aldosterone and renin each function to promote?
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Retention of sodium
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Among the following, which promotes constriction of blood vessels resulting in elevation of blood pressure?
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Angiotension
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What is the function of renin?
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Activates angiotension
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Ions that carry a positive charge are called?
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Cations
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Which of the following describes a way to make an electrolyte solution?
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Dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water
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What is the major extracellular anion?
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Chloride
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What is the major intracellular anion?
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Phosphate
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What is the major extracellular cation?
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Sodium
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What is the major intracellular cation?
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Potassium
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All of the following are properties of electrolytes except?
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They include fat-soluble as well as water soluble particles
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What is the term for the pressure that develops when two solutions of varying concentrations are separated by a membrane?
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Osmotic Pressure
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What is the force that moves water into a space where a solute is more concentrated?
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Osmotic Pressure
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What is the sodium-potassium pump?
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A cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium out of the cell
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When a person loses fluid by sweating or bleeding, what minerals are lost in greatest quantity?
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Sodium and Chloride
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All of the following are typical ingredients in an oral rehydration therapy formula except?
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Protein
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The normal blood pH range is approximately
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7.35-7.45
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All of the following are common participants in the regulation of body fluid pH except
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Oxalic Acid
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All of the following play important roles in acid base balance except
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The liver
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What organ is the chief regulator of the body's acid base balance?
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Kidneys
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What is a chief function of carbonic acid in the body?
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Helps maintain acid base balance
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Which of the following is a general property of the minerals?
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When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash
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Which of the following does not serve as a major regulator of fluid balance in the body?
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Calcium
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Which of the following events is specific to a salt sensitive individual?
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Blood pressure increases as salt intake rises
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In a normal individual with a daily requirement of 500 mg sodium, what would be the sodium balance after an intake of 10 g of common salt?
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Equilibrium
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Normally, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium excreted to the amount ingested that day?
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Intake and excretion are equal
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What is another term for hypertension?
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High blood pressure
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Salt sensitive population groups include all of the following except
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Caucasians
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The DASH diet plan was devised to pervent
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Hypertension
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How much sodium is contained in a fast food deluxe hamburger that lists a salt content of 2.5 g?
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1,000 mg
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Even in people with normal blood pressure, what percent are salt sensitive?
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25%
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What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet?
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Processed Foods
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What percentage of a person's total sodium intake derives from naturally occurring food sodium?
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10%
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Which of the following is a feature of sodium and health?
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High sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion
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Which of the following is a general characteristic of sodium in processed foods?
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Salted peanuts contain less sodium than cereals on a per gram basis
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Why are salt tablets generally not recommended for people engaged in physical activity?
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They can induce dehydration
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What is the tolerable upper intake level for salt?
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1 teaspoon
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Hyponatremia refers to low blood concentration of
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Sodium
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What adverse response is known to occur in people who drink copious amounts of water while participating in intense physical activity?
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Hyponatremia
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Which of the following minerals would a bulimia nervosa patient be likely to lose in the greatest amount?
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Chloride
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Which of the following is a major function of chloride?
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Helps maintain gastric acidity
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All of the following are characteristics of chloride in nutrition except
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The recommended intake has recently been set at 10 mg/kg body weight
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Which of the following is the primary function of potassium?
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Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte
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Which of the following is not a feature of potassium deficiency?
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It is common due to availability of only a few good food sources
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Which of the following is a feature of potassium?
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Liberal intakes may correct hypertension
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Which of the following is a symptom of potassium deficiency?
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Muscle weakness
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Which of the following people are at known risk for potassium depletion?
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Those who ingest low amounts of fresh fruits/vegetables
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All of the following are features of potassium in nutrition except?
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Processed foods are a major source
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Which of the following is not among the common food sources of potassium?
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Cheeses
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Which of the following is a feature of potassium supplements?
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Can cause toxicity
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What percentage of body's calcium is found in blood?
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1%
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Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to
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Provide rigidity for the bones and teeth
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What is hydroxyapatite?
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The calcium rich crystalline structure of teeth and bones
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As far as is known, which of the following is not a process that directly involves calcium?
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pH regulation
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What is calmodulin?
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Calcium binding protein
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Which of the following is a feature of calcium in the body?
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Higher calcium intakes correlate with lower body fatness
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Which of the following regulates the level of calcium in the blood?
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Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
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Which of the following represents the least likely cause for an abnormal blood calcium level?
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Insufficient dietary intake
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The muscle stiffness that results from abnormally high calcium levels in the blood is termed
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Calcium rigor
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Calcium absorption is facilitated by the presence of
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Lactose
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All of the following are known to enhance calcium absorption from the GI tract except
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Oxalates
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Which of the following foods are significant sources of oxalates?
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Spinach and sweet potatoes
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How much calcium would typically be absorbed by a normal adult with a calcium intake of 1,000 mg?
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300
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All of the following dietary substances are known to adversely affect calcium balance except
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Lactose in the diet
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Calcium binding protein acts within the
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intestines
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At what age do adults normally begin to lose bone mass?
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30-40 years
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Approximately how many people in the united states are afflicted with osteoporosis?
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50 million
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Which of the following is a feature of osteoporosis?
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It has virtually no effect on blood calcium levels
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What is the calcium adequate intake for young adults?
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1000 mg
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All of the following are characteristics of phosphorus in nutrition except?
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The ratio of phosphorus to calcium in the diet is important for bone maintenance
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Which of the following is a feature of phosphorus?
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Involved in energy exchange
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Which of the following is a feature of phosphorus in nutrition?
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Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown
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Which of the following minerals is least likely to be deficient in anyone's diet?
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Phosphorus
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All of the following characteristics are shared by calcium and magnesium except?
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Both are found in abundance in dairy products
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Where is the majority of the body's magnesium found?
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Bones
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Which of the following is a major function of magnesium?
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Catalyst in energy metabolism
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Which of the following minerals is required in the enzymatic phosphorylation of ADP?
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Magnesium
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Which of the following is a feature of magnesium nutrition?
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Deficiency is associated with hypertension
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Which of the following is a feature of magnesium in nutrition?
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Average intakes from food are below recommendations
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The magnesium present in mineral water has a bioavailability of about
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50%
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Magnesium is known to be involved in all of the following except
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Production of red blood cells
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Sulfur is present in practically all
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Proteins
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Some amino acids can link to each other by bridges made of
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Sulfur
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What is the major source of dietary sulfur?
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Protein
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The strongest predictor for loss of bone density is a person's
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age
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What percentage of people with osteoporosis are female?
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80
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After age, what is the next strongest risk factor for osteoporosis?
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Sex
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the trace minerals?
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The amounts in foods are dependent, in part, on soil composition
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What is the ionic state of ferrous iron?
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+2
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What is the ionic state of ferric iron?
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+3
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Which of the following is a characteristic of iron transport?
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Transferrin in the blood carries iron to the bone marrow
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Which of the following is a protein that carries iron through the circulation to the tissues?
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Transferrin
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What iron containing compound carries oxygen in the bloodstream?
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Hemoglobin
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What is the oxygen carrying protein of muscle cells?
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Myoglobin
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What fraction of the total iron content of a normal diet is heme iron?
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1/10
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What percentage of the iron in meat is nonheme iron?
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60%
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Which of the following foods provides iron in the most absorbable form?
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Hamburger
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All of the following factors are known to enhance the absorption of iron except
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Calcium from milk
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Which of the following compounds provides a major storage reservoir for iron?
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Ferritin
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All of the following are body proteins directly involved in iron metabolism except
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Metallothionein
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All of the following characteristics are shared by iron and zinc except
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Transport in the blood is primarily by albumin
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Which of the following characteristics is shared by zinc and iron?
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Proteins in the blood are needed for their transport
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Which of the following characteristics are shared by iron and zinc?
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Both are absorbed into intestinal epithelial cells but may then be lost by normal villus cell renewal processes
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Which of the following is a feature of iron absorption?
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It is higher in people with iron deficiency
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Among the following, which does not contain the MFP factor?
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Spinach
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What is the function of MFP factor?
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Enhances iron absorption
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When calculating the amount of iron that can be absorbed from a meal, all of the following factors are of major importance except
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EDTA content
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Which of the following nutrients enhances iron absorption from the intestinal tract?
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Vitamin C
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How would the body respond typically to loss of blood from hemorrhage?
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More transferrin is produced to allow absorption and transport of more iron
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All of the following are known to reduce the absorption of iron except
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MFP factor
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Absorption of iron from supplements is improved by taking them with
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Meat
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Which of the following is known to enhance iron absorption?
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Foods containing vitamin C
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Which of the following is known as an iron overload protein?
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Hemosiderin
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A person with high blood levels of hepcidin responds by
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Decreasing iron absorption
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What is hepcidin?
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A liver derived hormone that helps regulate iron absorption and transport
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What is the average lifespan of red blood cells?
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Four months
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Iron overload is also known as?
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Hemochromatosis
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Iron deficiency in children is likely to result from a diet that overemphasizes?
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Milk
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Which of the following individuals would most likely need an iron supplement?
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Pregnant Female
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`What is the name given to the ingestion of nonnutritive substances?
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Pica
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Why are people with iron overload at increased risk for infections?
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Iron rich blood favors growth of bacteria
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In the United States iron is currently added to which of the following foods?
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Breads and cereals
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Which of the following is a common side effect from taking iron supplements?
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Constipation
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Which of the following is a major binding protein for zinc?
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Metallothionein
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Which of the following represents the most reliable dietary source of zinc?
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Meats and whole grain cereals
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What formulation of zinc has been found effective in treating the symptoms of common cold?
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Zinc gluconate
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Commercially available zinc containing lozenges are advertised to be effective against
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The common cold
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One of the thyroid gland hormones is called?
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Thyroxine
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Which of the following is the richest source of iodine?
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Seafood
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Which of the following nutrients has functions similar to those of vitamin E?
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Selenium
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What trace element is part of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase?
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Selenium
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Keshan disease results from a deficiency of
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Selenium
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Which of the following minerals functions primarily in reactions that consume oxygen?
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Copper
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All of the following are characteristics of copper in nutrition except?
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Absorption from foods is poor
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Which of the following characteristics are shared by copper and fluoride?
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Both may be obtained from drinking tap water
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What is the most reliable source of dietary fluoride?
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Public water
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