Chapter 11- World War II – Flashcards
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What impact did World War II have on America and the world?
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A weak economy, poor living and working conditions, famine, factories could not turn out enough supplies, transportation system broke down, and created incompetent empire-Russians began to distrust the Czar.
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How did the Allies turn the tide against the Axis?
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Churchill persuaded allies that they should invade North Africa first/force out Germans/so Allies can take over Mediterranean/ thought Allies weren't ready to invade France.
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Why did the Allies decide to concentrate first on the war in Europe?
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Because none of the Allie countries saw Italy or Japan as a serious long term threat so they created the "Europe First" strategy that said the Pacific would be the second priority until Hitler was defeated.
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Dwight Eisenhower
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He was the U. S. general who led the attack in North Africa and he was the master organizer of the D-Day invasion in Europe
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George S. Patton Jr.
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An innovative tank commander known as "Blood and Guts"
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Why was the Battle of Stalingrad a turning point in World War II?
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The Allies pushed the Germans back
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Unconditional surrender
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Giving up completely without any concessions
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Saturation bombing
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To inflict maximum damage
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Strategic bombing
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To destroy Germany's capacity to make war
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Tuskegee Airmen
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Famous segregated unit of African American pilots
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What were the goals of British and American bombing runs over Germany?
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To destroy much of what Germany had creating war
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Chester Nimitz
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United States admiral of the Pacific fleet during World War II who used aircraft carriers to destroy the Japanese navy
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Battle of Midway
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American defeated Japan resulting in the turning point of war in the Pacific
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What impact did the Battle of Midway have on Japanese expansion in the Pacific?
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Halted Japan from expanding their control in the Pacific
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How did the war change America at home?
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Women began working in jobs that were traditionally for men and African Americans were treated a little more fairly
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A. Phillip Randolph
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He was the black leader of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He demanded equal opportunities in war jobs and armed forces during WWII. He helped encourage the end of segregation in the military, although that happened after the war
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Executive Order 8802
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Order signed by FDR and encouraged by A. Phillip Randolph that assured fair hiring practices in any job funded by the government
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How did the war create new opportunities for African Americans?
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African Americans fought for fair treatment when hiring in the government
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Bracero program
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Plan that brought workers from Mexico to work on American farms
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How did the war affect the location of industries and workers in the United States?
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People flocked to cities that had industrial jobs and had built up industries for war production
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Internment
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Temporary imprisonment of members of a specific group
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Korematsu v. United States
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Concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066 which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps
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442nd Regimental Combat Team
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World War II unit made up of volunteer Japanese Americans and fought in the Italian campaign
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Why were Japanese Americans interned during World War II?
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Some political and military leaders thought that Japanese Americans would be disloyal to the United States
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Rationing
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Government controlled limits on the amount of certain goods that civilians could buy during wartime.
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Office of War Information (OWI)
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Government agency that encouraged support of the war effort during WWII
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How did the federal government control resources needed for the war effort?
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Americans were given coupon books that limited the amount of certain goods that they could buy
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How did the Allies defeat the Axis Powers?
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Two front war and island hopping
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On what issues did Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill disagree?
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When to start a second European front in France
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D-Day
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June 6, 1944, the Allies landed on the beaches of Normandy, France
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What was the primary objective of the D-Day invasion at Normandy?
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To gain a strong position in France and keep pushing back Germany
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Battle of the Bulge
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When Hitler ordered a counterattack on Allied troops in Belgium, but it crippled Germany by using up reserves and demoralizing its troops
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Harry S. Truman
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President after FDR, saw the victory in Europe
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What were the results of the Battle of the Bulge?
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It crippled Germany and demoralized the troops. They were pushed back into Germany and never fought offensively again
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Island-hopping
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World War II strategy that involved seizing selected Japanese-held islands in the Pacific while bypassing others
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Kamikaze
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Japanese pilots who deliberately crashed themselves into American ships, killing themselves
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Why was the island-hopping campaign in the Pacific so deadly to both sides?
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American forces took control only after life and death struggles against Japanese troops who fought fiercely to the last man. Kamikaze pilots also crashed into American ships
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Albert Einstein
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World famous scientist who encouraged FDR to proceed with the creation of the atomic bomb
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Manhattan Project
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Code name for the project that developed the atomic bomb
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J. Robert Oppenheimer
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Physicist who worked on developing the atomic bomb
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What were the consequences of the decision to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
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As many as 60,000,000 people, mostly civilians had died in the conflict, but Japan did surrender
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How did the Holocaust develop and what were its results?
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Developed from Hitler's ideas that Jews were an abomination to the world. He created Concentration Camps and Death Camps
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Holocaust
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Nazi attempt to kill all Jews under their control
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anti-Semitism
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Hatred and prejudice toward Jews
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Nuremberg Laws
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-Denied German citizenship to Jews -Banned marriage between Jews & non-Jews -Segregated Jews at entry level of society
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Kristallnacht
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(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews
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How did Hitler enforce anti-Semitism as chancellor of Germany?
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By blaming the Jews for all of the bad in Germany, especially German defeat in WWI
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Genocide
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Hitler's program which systematically kills an entire group of people
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Concentration camps
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Where members of specifically designated groups were confined
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Death camps
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Where prisoners were systematically exterminated
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What actions did the Nazis take to carry out Hitlers "Final Solution"?
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The Final Solution was the final stage of Nazi persecution of the Jews. This consisted of gassing, shootings, and killing two-thirds of European Jews
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War Refugee Board
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A government agency in America created by FDR in 1944 against the will of the State Department to assist people threatened by the Nazis, and eventually was able to save 200,000 people, as well as give money to other countries to free Jews
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How did the U.S. government respond to the German campaign against European Jews?
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It was largely ignored but FDR set up the War Refugee Board to help save thousands of Eastern European Jews, especially Romanian and Hungarian
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What were the major immediate and long-term effects of World War II?
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- United nations-United states, Soviet Union, Britain, France, China -Declares human rights - Bringing war crime to trial- Nuremberg Trials - Balance of powers- two major US and Soviet Union - World map changes- imperialism is declining -US assumes global leadership -New world economy
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Yalta Conference
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FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War
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What goals did the Allies set for Eastern Europe at the Yalta Conference?
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The two main goals of President Roosevelt at the Yalta Conference were: to get Stalin involved in the war with Japan and to insure the creation of the United Nations
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Superpowers
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Extremely powerful nations
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What impact did World War II have on the relative roles of the US and Britain in the world?
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US and Soviet Union became the world superpowers replacing Britain, France, Japan, Germany, and Italy. The US also became more involved in world affairs.
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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
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A treaty designed to expand world trade while reducing tariffs
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United Nations (UN)
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Created to replace the faltering League of Nations
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Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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A 1948 statement in which the United Nations declared that all human beings have rights to life, liberty, and security
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Geneva Convention
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International agreement governing the humane treatment of wounded soldiers and prisoners of war
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Nuremberg Trials
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Where the Allies prosecuted Nazis for war crimes
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What steps did the US take to increase its role in the postwar world?
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They signed the GATT agreement to help expand world trade by reducing tariffs. The UN is formed, the universal declaration of Human Rights in 1948 is signed condemning slavery and torture worldwide.
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How did World War II foster support for civil rights?
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World War 2 fostered civil rights by helping to break down the barriers of segregation. Blacks were finally able to fight in wars, even though they were still considered expendable. This broke way to more civil rights leading to even black voting.
