Chapter 11 Questions – Flashcards
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| What results when when the equilibrium between human and microbe tips in the microbes favor? |
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| Disease |
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| Recently it was learned that babies intestines are colonized in utero, why is that a surprise? |
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| Because it was thought that they uterus was sterile during embryonic development |
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| How many microbe species is found in human breast milk? |
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| ~ 600 species |
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| A baby that is vaginally delivered is colonized by which 3 types of microbes? |
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| Lactobacillus, Prevotella, and Sneathia |
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| What roles does Lactobacillus play on a newborn? |
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| It provides the enzymes to break down lactase, which is needed to digest milk. And can later colonize the skin and protect the skin from disorders |
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| What does HMP stand for? |
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| Human Microbiome Project |
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| Can viruses be found in feces? |
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| Yes, we have billions in our feces |
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| How many types of Fungi reside in our intestines? |
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| At least 100 |
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| A microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic and results in infection and disease is called a? |
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| Pathogen |
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| abnormal state in which all or part of the body is not properly adjusted or is incapable of performing normal functions is called? |
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| Infectious Disease |
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| Which term is used to describe an organism’s potential to cause infection or disease |
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| Pathogenicity |
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| What is capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses |
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| True Pathogen |
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| What is an example of a true pathogen? |
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| The flu The plague bacillus Malaria |
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| What Causes disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or when they become established in a part of the body that is not natural to them |
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| Opportunistic Pathogen |
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| Which type of pathogen is not considered pathogenic to a normal, healthy person |
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| Opportunistic |
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| Name some opportunistic pathogens |
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| Pseudomonas and Candida albicans |
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| What is considered a degree of pathogenicity |
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| Virulence |
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| The relative severity of a disease caused by a particular microbe can be referred to as |
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| Virulence |
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| What determines the virulence of a microbe? |
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| Establish itself in a host – entry by preferred portal of entry, adherence & colonization, penetrate/evade defenses Causes damage |
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| any characteristic or structure of the microbe contributes to its ability to establish itself in the host and cause damage can be called |
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| Virulence factor |
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| If you introduced a virulence factor gene into a nonpathogenic pathogen, would it become pathogenic? |
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| Yes, disruption of gene should cause virulence |
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| the route that a microbe takes to enter the tissues of the body to initiate an infection can be called? |
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| Portal of entry |
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| microbe originating from a source outside the body from the environment or another person or animal is referred to as |
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| Exogenous |
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| microbe already existing on or in the body – normal biota or a previously silent infection is called |
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| Endogenous |
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| Exo means? |
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| Outside |
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| Endo means? |
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| Within |
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| What is the most common portal of entry for most microbes? |
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| Mucous Membranes |
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| If a pathogen enters through a different portal than it normal does, is it still infectiousProvide an example |
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| Nope. The influenza virus will infect the host when enters through nasal mucosa but not if it is just sitting on the skin |
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| Can a pathogen have more than one entry portalProvide examples |
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| Yes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis can enter through the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tracts And Streptococcus and Staphylococcus can enter through the skin, urogenital tract, and the respiratory tract. |
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| ID stands for |
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| Infectious dose |
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| The minimum number of microbes necessary to cause an infection to proceed is called |
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| Infectious dose |
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| The smaller the ID the greater the ? |
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| Virulence |
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| An ID of one single cell can be found in which disease? |
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| rickettsia.....bacterium spread through ticks |
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| Which microbe takes 1 billion IDs to infect a host? |
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| Cholera |
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| What is it called when microbes gain a more stable foothold on host tissues |
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| Adhesion |
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| Name some examples of adhesion mechanisms |
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| Fimbriae (pili) Surface proteins Adhesive slimes or capsules Viruses attach by specialized receptors Parasitic worms fastened by suckers, hooks, and barbs |
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| cells that engulf and destroy host pathogens by means of enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals are called |
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| Phagocytes |
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| What do leukocidins do? |
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| Kill phagocytes outright |
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| What does an extracelluar capsule or slime do? |
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| makes it difficult to for phagocytes to engulf microbes |
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| What is the main purpose of virulence factors? |
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| To help establish itself within the host |
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| Name 3 ways microbes cause damage to the host |
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| Directly through the action of enzymes Directly through the action of toxins (both endotoxins and exotoxins) Indirectly by inducing the host’s defenses to respond excessively or inappropriately |
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| Which extracellular enzymes Dissolve the host’s defense barriers to promote the spread of disease to other tissues |
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| Exoenzymes |
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| Which extracellular enzyme Enzymes secreted by microbes that break down and inflict damage on tissues |
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| Exoenzymes |
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| The root -ase is indicative of what |
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| Usually if it ends in -ase it is an enzyme |
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| Name some examples of exoenzymes |
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| Mucinase Hyaluroindase kinase Cougulase |
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| Which exoenzyme digests the protective coating on mucous membranes |
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| Mucinase |
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| Which exoenzyme digests the ground substance that cements animal cells together |
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| Hyaluroindase |
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| which exoenzyme causes clotting of blood or plasma |
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| Coagulase |
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| Which exoenzyme dissolves fibrin clots |
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| Kinase |
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| A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that is poisonous to other organisms is called a ? |
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| Toxin |
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| Neurotoxins attackNephrotoxins atttack Enterotoxins attack? |
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| Neuro- CNS Nephro= kidneys Entero= intestinal tract |
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| Hemolysins disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane of red blood cells.....Hemolysins are an example of? |
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| Toxins |
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| Which type of toxin has a variety of systemic effects on tissues and organs. AND Causes fever, inflammation, hemorrhage, and diarrhea |
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| Endotoxins |
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| What does LPS stand for |
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| Lipopolysaccharide |
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| LPS is an endotoxin found where? |
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| In the outer membrane of GN bacteria cell walls |
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| Name some examples of endotoxins that cause infections |
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| Salmonella, Shigella, Neisseria meningitidis, and Escherichia coli |
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| When an endotoxin is released what are the symptoms |
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| fever, chills, weakness, aches, even shock & death (results of WBCs releasing cytokines) |
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| Exotoxins are produced by what kind of species? |
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| GN and GP |
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| Is tetanus an endo or exotoxin |
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| Exotoxin |
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| What do we call accumulated damage due to pathogens leading to cell and tissue death |
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| Necrosis |
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| How do viruses destroy host cells? |
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| By multiplying and lysing them |
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| a disease identified by a certain complex of signs and symptoms is called what |
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| A syndrome |
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| When subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient we call that |
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| A symptom |
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| objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer is called what |
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| A sign |
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| Infections that go unnoticed can be called 3 things? |
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| asymptomatic, subclinical, or inapparent. |
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| What do we call a dormant state of microbes in certain chronic infectious diseases |
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| Latency |
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| Give some examples of viral latency |
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| herpes simplex, herpes zoster, hepatitis B, AIDS, Epstein-Barr |
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| Give some examples of bacterial and protzoan latency |
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| syphilis, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, malaria |
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| What do we call along-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs caused by infectious disease |
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| Sequelae |
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| Name some examples of a sequelea infection |
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| Meningitis: deafness Strep throat: rheumatic heart disease Lyme disease: arthritis Polio: paralysis |
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| The time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of symptoms is called what |
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| Incubation period |
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| The majority of incubation periods can range between what? |
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| 2 to 30 days |
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| In broad terms, what kind of ranges are seen in incubation periods |
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| Hours to Years |
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| 1 – 2 day period when the earliest notable symptoms of infection appear are called what? |
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| Predromal stage |
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| Name some symptoms seen within the first few days of exposure to a pathogen |
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| Vague feeling of discomfort: head and muscle aches, fatigue, upset stomach, general malaise |
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| What is it called when the infectious agent multiplies at high levels, exhibits greatest toxicity, becomes well established in host tissue |
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| Period of Invasion |
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| When does a fever usually first show up? |
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| In the period of invasion |
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| What is it called when Patient begins to respond to the infection and symptoms decline. Patient’s strength and health gradually return due to the healing nature of the immune response |
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| Convalescent period |
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| During the convalescent period the patient begins to feel better, but makes a stupid error at this point, what is that error! |
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| They stop taking their antibiotics |
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| During the stages and periods of infection, which pathogen can be transmissible at all stages? |
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| Hep B |
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| The Primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates is called |
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| Reservoir |
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| An individual or object from which an infection is acquired is called a what |
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| A transmitter |
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| Can you give an example where the reservoir and transmitter are the same? |
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| Syphilis |
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| In Hep A what is the reservoir and what is the transmitter |
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| Food is the transmitter and a human is the reservoir |
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| an individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen, spreads it to others without any notice, and who may not have experienced disease due to the microbe is called a what |
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| a carrier |
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| The majority of animal reservoirs are arthropods: name some |
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| Fleas, ticks, flies, mosquitoes |
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| What kind of vector actively participates in a pathogen’s life cycle, serving as a site in which it can multiply or complete its life cycle |
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| Biological |
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| What kind of vector carries the microbe more or less accidentally on its body parts |
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| Mechanical |
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| an infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans is called |
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| Zoonosis |
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| Microbes that thrive in soil and water are called what? |
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| Saprobic |
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| Are saprobic microbes harmful |
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| They cause little harm and can be beneficial |
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| a disease in which an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host is called |
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| Communicable |
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| Communicable is synonymous with what term |
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| Infectious |
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| a disease that is highly communicable, especially through direct contact is called |
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| Contagious |
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| Is Influenza contagious or communicable |
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| Contagious |
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| Is leprosy contagious or communicable |
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| Communicable |
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| Why is leprosy weakly communicable |
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| It has a slow growing bacteria Incubation period can be 2 to 20 years They actually have special agar made from armadillo skin to grow the bacteria on |
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| an infectious disease that does not arise through transmission of the infectious agent from host to host is called |
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| Noncommunicable |
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| In terms of transfer, a disease is spread through a population from one infected individual to another is called |
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| Horizontal transfer |
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| A disease that is transmitted from parent to offspring is called what |
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| Vertical transfer |
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| Infections acquired or developed during a hospital stay are called |
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| nosocomial infections |
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| How many cases of nosocomial infections happen each year |
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| 2 to 4 million |
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| How many deaths are a result of nosocomial infections |
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| 90K |
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| the cause of infection and disease can be called |
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| Causative agent or Etilogic |
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| A series of proofs that became the standard for determining causation of infectious disease is called |
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| Koch's postulates |
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| Can Koch's postulate be used when polymicrobial infections are occuring |
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| Nope, cannot determine causation |
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| Study of frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in defined populations is called |
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| Epidemology |
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| Who laid the foundations of epidemiology |
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| Florence Nightingale |
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| Total number of people afflicted with an illness within the population |
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| Morbidity rate |
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| Measures the total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease is called |
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| Mortality rate |
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| infectious agent came from a single source, and all of its “victims” were exposed to it from that source is called |
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| Point source epidemic |
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| result from common exposure to a single source of infection over a period of time is called |
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| common source epidemic |
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| results from an infectious agent that is communicable from person to person and is sustained over time in a population is called |
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| Propagated epidemic |
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| the first patient found in an epidemiological investigation is called |
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| the index case |
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| Is the index case the first person with that illness |
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| Not necessarily, it could just be the person that was first noticed or brought attention to it |
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| an infectious disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long time period in a particular geographic locale is called |
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| Endemic |
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| occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals at random locales is called |
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| Sporadic |
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| When statistics indicate that the prevalence of an endemic or sporadic disease is increasing beyond what is expected for a population is called |
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| Epidemic |
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| spread of an epidemic across continents is called |
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| Pandemic |
