Chapter 11 Pharmacology – Flashcards
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What term is used to describe the working units of the kidneys?
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nephrons
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What do the kidneys regulate?
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blood plasma volume, concentration of waste products in the blood, electrolyte concentrations and plasma acid-base balance.
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What is not one of the processes by which the kidneys produce urine?
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induction
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What is the clinical syndrome resulting from renal dysfunction called?
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uremia
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During what stage of renal failure does the patient require chronic dialysis?
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end-stage renal disease
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What is a goal of renal therapy?
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reestablishing an appropriate intravascular volume, restricting fluids in volume-overload patients, treating underlying fluid, electrolyte, or pH problems.
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What hormone is diminished in patients with anemia due to renal failure?
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erythropoietin
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Which drug below causes immature red blood cells (reticulocytes) to be released from bone marrow into the bloodstream?
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epoetin alfa (Epogen, Procrit)
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Which of the following drugs used for renal disease may be given by mouth?
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cinacalcet (Sensipar)
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What drug is an amino acid derivative and is a cofactor needed for the transformation of long-chain fatty acids?
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levocarnitine (Carnitor)
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Which of the following drugs may be used to prevent rejection in kidney transplant patients?
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cyclosporine (Sandimmune)
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What drug is used to treat depression and stress incontinence?
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duloextine (Cymbalta)
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What is the first oral therapy for interstitial cystitis?
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pentosan polysulfate sodium (Elmiron)
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Which structure is part of the lower urinary tract?
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bladder
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Which of the following agents for urinary tract problems is available OTC?
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phenazopyridine (Azo-Standard, Uristat)
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What antibiotic (or combination) may be used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
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amoxicillin (Amoxil, Trimox), amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin), ciprofloxacin (Cipro), nitrofurantoin (Macrobid, Macrodantin)
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When taking which of the following antibiotics (or combinations) should sunscreen be used?
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sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (Bactrim, Cotrim, Septra) and ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
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What class of drugs is commonly used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
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alpha blockers
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Who should never handle crushed tablets of finasteride (Propecia, Proscar)?
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pregnant women
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What drug is often given in combination with flutamide (Eulexin) to treat BPH?
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leuprolide (Eligard, Lupron Depot, Viadur)
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What is the only osmotic diuretic on the market?
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mannitol (Osmitrol)
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What is an example of a loop diuretic?
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furosemide (Lasix)
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In which renal structure are substances removed from the blood?
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glomerulus
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What is the function of the ureter?
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to conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder
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In which part of the urine-producing process are filtered substances selectively pulled back into the blood?
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reabsorption
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What is the normal range for the pH, or acid-base balance, of blood?
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between 7.32 and 7.42
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What might be a sign of stage 2 renal disease?
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nocturia
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Which of the following is a laboratory test of kidney function?
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serum creatinine
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Which of the following is an example of a postrenal event that could lead to renal failure?
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blockage to urine flow
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What is a sign that inhibiting substances are being removed by dialysis?
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rise in hematocrit
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Which of the following should a patient undergoing dialysis not take?
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aluminum containing antacids
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What is the most common side effect of iron sucrose (Venofer)?
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hypotension
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What is an advantage of mycophenolate (CellCept), an immunosuppressant?
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It comes in an IV form.
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What causes urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
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bacteria
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Which group has the highest incidence of urinary tract infections?
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sexually active women
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Which of the following is a urinary tract infection of the upper tract?
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pyelonephritis
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Which of these do prescribers sometimes recommend for patients taking methenamine (Cystex, Hiprex, Urex)?
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cranberry juice
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What antibiotic used to treat UTIs may turn urine brown or dark yellow?
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nitrofurantoin (Macrobid, Macrodantin)
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) becomes a problem when
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urine flow from the bladder is obstructed.
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Why should TCAs, anticholinergics, oral bronchodilators, and certain other drugs not be used for patients with BPH?
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They affect bladder function.
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What warning label should accompany alfuzosin (Uroxatral)?
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Do not chew, split, or crush.
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Which of the following agents to treat prostatic disease is a surgical implant?
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goserelin (Zoladex)
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What is the purpose of diuretics?
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to increase urine output
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Which class of diuretics should be prescribed with caution to patients on ACE inhibitors?
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potassium-sparing
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Patients taking a thiazide diuretic should ingest a banana, orange juice, or citrus fruits daily to replace calcium.
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potassium.
