Chapter 10 Vocab – AP Psychology – Flashcards
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a test designed to assess what a person has learned
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achievement test
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a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier, but also more error-prone, use of heuristics
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algorithm
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a test designed to predict a person's future performace; ___ is the capacity to learn
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aptitude test
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estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
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availability heuristic
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at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
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babbling stage
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clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
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belief perseverance
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all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
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cognition
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a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people
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concept
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the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest (such as a driving test that samples driving tasks)
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content validity
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a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup
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down syndrome
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the ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions
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emotional intelligence
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a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underline one's total score
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factor analysis
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the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
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fixation
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the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
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functioned fixedness
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a general intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
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general intelligence
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in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
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grammar
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a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
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heuristics
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defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 times. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.
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intelligence quotient
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...
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linguistic relativity
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a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8 year old is said to have a ______ ___ of 8.
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mental age
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a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound
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mental retardation
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a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
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mental set
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in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
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morpheme
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the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.
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normal curve
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in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
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phoneme
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the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior . aka criterion-related validity
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predictive validity
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a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)
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prototype
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the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting
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reliability
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judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information
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representativeness heuristic
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a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
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savant syndrome
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the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
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semantics
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defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group
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standardization
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the widely-used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test
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Stanford-Binet
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the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
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syntax
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early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - "go car" - using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words
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telegraphic speech
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the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to do
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validity
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the most widely-used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
