chapter 10 criminology – Flashcards
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Use of racial or ethnic stereotypes in law enforcement action and decision making
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Racial profiling
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What is the main concern of radical and conflict theories?
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social inequality, class differences, power used to define crime
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what is used to define crime in radical and conflict theory?
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Power
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Which of the following argues that law, crime, and law enforcement are political acts?
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radical and conflict theories
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What type of crime are radical and conflict theorists interested in?
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Interested in crimes involving economic power
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Which of the following rejects the legal definitions of crime because they take power for granted?
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radical and conflict theories
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Radical and Conflict theorists view crime as an individual, not a societal, phenomenon. TRUE/FALSE?
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false
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Scarce resources and different groups of people with contradictory/incompatible needs and interests. Theory? Theorist?
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Conflict Theory Max Weber and Georg Simmel
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Based on Max and Georg what was inequality based on? (conflict theory)
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wealth, status, ideas, religious beliefs
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Argue that economic inequality is the root of all conflicts identified by conflict theorists. Theory? Theorist?
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Karl Marx/ radical theory
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Capitalists (propertied classes)- (radical)
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own "means of production"
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Wage earners (nonpropertied)- (radical)
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own just their labor, exploited by upper classes
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Similarities of radical and conflict theory?
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• Humans seen as active, creative agents; invest energy in building social structure • Crime (generally)= result of how society is organized • Macro-level perspective • Importance of power and laws
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Difference in Human nature?
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• Conflict= amoral • Radical= Humans born with "perfectible" nature that is affected by life in imperfect, deviant, and criminal ways
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Difference in nature of conflict?
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• Conflict= between different groups fighting over limited resources for conflicting goals • Radical= more dichotomous (capitalists vs. workers)
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Difference in Explanatory Variables?
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• Conflict= Stratification is the "culprit" • Radical= more specific; look at political and economic structures of society
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a struggle over values or claims to status, power, scarce resources
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Social conflict
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What does social conflict aim to do?
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Aims are to gain desired values and neutralize, injure, or eliminate rivals
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who did not present own theory of crime causation; did set the stage for others to do so
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Max weber
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Max Weber Three dimensions of inequality:
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(1) Power (2) Wealth (3) Prestige
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When does conflict occur between the three dimensions of webers?
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• Conflict most likely when these coincide • Also likely when only a few have access
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Represented by party dimension?
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Power
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Relates to economic position represented by class dimension?
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wealth
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attached to those in high status groups dimension?
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prestige
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Who was one of the first to describe conflict as a common and stable form of interaction?
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George Simmel- functions of group conflict
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What are the three patterns of reciprocal relations that underpin complex social behavior? ( simmel)
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(2) Conflict (2) Competition (3) Cooperation
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According to Simmel social action has what type of meaning?
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• Social action has individual and transpersonal meanings • Simmel was interested in the interrelationships of these two
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Who believed conflict was variable?
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Georg Simmel
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According to Simmel less violent conflict actually served the purpose of what?
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Reducing crime and tension
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According to Simmel more violent conflict occurred when?
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• Different groups have high degree of harmony, emotional involvement, and solidarity among members • The nature of the conflict was beyond members' individual interests
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"Pluralistic" version of conflict; two "faces" of society (consensus, conflict) in dialectical relationship. theory? theorist?
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Dahrendorf: Dialectical Conflict Perspective
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Argued people exist in relations of dominance and subordination. theory? theorist?
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Dahrendorf: Dialectical Conflict Perspective
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Saw inequality as inevitable; a function of organizational processes that produce legitimate authority. theory? theorist?
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Dahrendorf: Dialectical Conflict Perspective
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Did not directly address crime; did greatly influence later conflict criminologists. theory? theorist?
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Dahrendorf: Dialectical Conflict Perspective
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First criminologists to systematically apply ideas of Weber, Simmel, and Dahrendorf to crime?
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Vold-- group conflict theory
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People are group-involved beings, society is a continuation of group interactions.theory? theorist?
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Vold-- group conflict theory
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According to Vold conflict occurs because of overlapping what?
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interests and territory disputes. Group conflict theory
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Who is under the roots of criminology?
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Max weber Simmel Dahrendorf Vold
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Who is under contemporary conflict criminology?
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Turk Quinney
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Who was Influenced by Dahrendorf's dialectical conflict theory?
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Turk-Criminalization of Resisting Subordinates
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Turk argued that subordinates must defer to?
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authority's values, standards or laws, otherwise will be labeled as criminal
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Turk believed people always interact with each other as what?
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- as inferior or superior -Norms of domination and norms of deference
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When would you be considered a criminal according to Turk?
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if you resist claims/impositions of authorities
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Overtime authority-subject relationship becomes less coercive and more automatic (as more are born into this reality. theory? theorist?
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Turk: Criminalization of Resisting Subordinates
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In Turks later work what are the 5 ways law is mobilized to shape legal institutions and processes?
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violence- police/military power production, allocation, and use of material resources-economic power decision making processes-poltical power definitions of and access to knowledge beliefs and values-ideological power human attention and living time- diversionary power
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violence what type of power?
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police and military power
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production, allocation, and use of material resources what type of power?
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economic power
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decision making processes what type of power?
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political power
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definitions of and access to knowledge beliefs and values what type of power?
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ideological power
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human attention and living time what type of power?
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diversionary power
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Turks recent work of global political conflict of terrorism, what are the 3 stages he sees these political conflicts escalating and deescalating through?
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(1) Coercive violence (2) Injurious violence (3) Destructive violence
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using coercion to try to send a persuasive message to those they oppose- where authroites through law enforcers suspend civil liberties, while norm resisters vandalize symbols of authority through riots and property destruction. violence? theorist?
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coercive violence turk
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designed to punish the failure to learn from the messages and comply with the coercive violence- which can involved extreme torture and other physical brutality. violence? theorist?
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injurious violence Turk
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intended to exterminate opponents- which for authorities is military search and destroy operations and for norm resisters involves terrorist attacks. violence? theorist?
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destructive violence Turk
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What theorist saw human as rational, purposeful actors; subject to unequal distribution of power that causes conflict?
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o Quinney: Social Reality of Crime
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Quinney's social reality of crime conflict is between?
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"segments" of society •These segments do not have to be organized but do share norms, values, ideology
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Some rather than other meanings of crime have " social reality" because? (Quinney)
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they are defined, illustrated, elaborated, or sensationalized in the media
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range from reform to transformation rather than revolution, see as unhelpful policy implication of what theory?
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social reality of crime (conflict theory)
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Evaluation- Too pluralistic what theorist? theory?
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Quinney- social reality of crime
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Evaluation- • A "manual" for oppressors what theorist? theory?
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Turk- criminalization conflict criminology
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Evaluation- Ignores connection between crimes and structure of capitalism. What theory?
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conflict theory
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According to Marxist Radical Theory, why do the masses not revolt against the capitalist system?
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Ideology
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-Process by which beliefs—from real social relationships—hide or mask precise nature of relationships (i.e. nature of oppression, and its source) -"False consciousness"
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Marxist Radical Theory- Ideology
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What is the definition of criminogenic?
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crime producing
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• A capitalist system of law; limits excessive exploitation but allows the system of exploitation to remain • Capitalist system of production is criminogenic, through alienation and competition over scarce resources
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o Marx: Paradox of Law and Capitalism as Crime Producing
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According to Bonger's Criminality and Economic Conditions crime equals what?
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Crimes= the acting of a "criminal thought"
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What theorist and theory is Interested in impoverishment caused by capitalism & Included crime at all levels of society?
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Bonger: Criminality and Economic Conditions
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"Means of production" is another way to say labor
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false
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What is the key difference between Instrumental and Structural Marxism?
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The role of the State (i.e. government) in capitalism
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Under Contemporary Radical Criminology, what did radicals advocate?
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radicals advocated social change and action, not passive empirical observations and measurement= this lead to a social movement
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Reject individual level theories, people are part of their society is a common theme and assumptions of what theory?
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Contemporary Radical Criminology
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Also reject reformists structural-functionalist theories, because do not take enough account of capitalism's criminogenic nature is a common theme and assumptions of what theory?
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Contemporary Radical Criminology
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The common themes and assumptions under Contemporary Radical Criminology believed in a duality of?
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freedom and constraint
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What are the 2 major classes under Instrumental Marxism?
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capitalist elite and mass proletariat
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• Direct and crude relationship between ruling economic class and government (dominated by and serves the will of the economically powerful) • Law and criminal justice system are coercive instruments, used to control the lower classes • Two major classes: capitalist elite and mass proletariat what theory?
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Instrumental Marxism
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Structural Marxism sees Instrumental Marxism as to?
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simple
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• Government has a more autonomous role: acts on behalf of capitalism's long-term interests rather than powerful corporations' short-term interests. • Instrumental seen as too simple • Contradictory system: laws needed to keep balance; some must also benefit the less powerful
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Structural Marxism
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Change the social structure and Revolution is needed to overthrow capitalism (→ socialism → communism) is a policy implication of what theory?
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Contemporary Radical Criminology
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A recent development of radical criminology is the radical criminology journal when was it formed?
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2012 by a Canadian criminologist Jeff Shantz
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What does the Radical Criminology Journal say about choosing sides?
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says that criminology must choose sides. It must stand with the oppressed and against the oppressors.
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How many proclamations are under the Radical Criminology journal?
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8 proclamations
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Recent development of contemporary radical criminology is the shift to more what type of method and perspective?
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Shift to more empirical methods and to more global perspective
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What theorist relates crime, crime control, and justice to modernization, opportunity, and the dependence of developing countries on developed ones?
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Barak- Contemporary Radical Criminology
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Under evaluation of contemporary radical theory does Structural Marxism or Instrumental Marxism receive the most criticism?
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Most criticism is for instrumental Marxism not structural Marxism
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What criticism does the radical theory instrumental Marxism receive?
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• Lacks realism • Imprecise • Untestable claims
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In general under contemporary radical theory are class divisions argued to be helpful or harmful?
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Class divisions are argued to be helpful (rather than harmful)
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In general under contemporary radical theory is that radicals romanticize the freedom from crime under what type of system?
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Romanticized freedom from crime in socialism
