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Microbiology....What is it??

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is the study of organisms too small to be seen with human eye. Includes viruses.

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Microbes are ubiquitous

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(i.e., they are found virtually everywhere).

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Nonliving microbes are known as

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acellular microbes or infectious particles; examples include viroids, prions, and viruses.

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Living microbes are known as

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cellular microbes or microorganisms; examples include bacteria, archaea, some algae, protozoa, and some fungi.

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******indigenous microbiota

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Microbes that live on and in our bodies

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Opportunistic pathogens

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are microbes that can cause disease, but usually do not; they can be thought of as microbes that are awaiting the opportunity to cause disease

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Pathogens cause two categories of diseases

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infectious diseases and microbial intoxications

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Photosynthetic algae and bacteria

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produce much of the oxygen in our atmosphere.

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Microorganisms are involved in

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the decomposition of dead organisms and waste products.

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Saprophytes are organisms that

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that live on dead and/or decaying organic matter.

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*****bioremediation

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The use of microbes to clean up toxic wastes and other industrial waste products

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Many microbes play essential roles in various elemental cycles

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such as the carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus cycles.

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Microbes are used in many industries, such as

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food, beverage, chemical, and antibiotic industries and in genetic engineering

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biotechnology

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The use of living organisms or their derivatives to make or modify useful products or processes

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Candidates for the first microorganisms on Earth are

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archaea and cyanobacteria

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

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*Not a trained scientist! *Made many simple single-lens microscopes *Observed "animalcules" (bacteria and protozoa

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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Father of microbiology

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*French chemist *Investigated different fermentation products *Developed the pasteurization process D*iscovered life forms that could exist without oxygen (anaerobes) *Developed several vaccines, including rabies and anthrax vaccines

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******Robert Koch (1843-1910 Coined trem cell

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*German physician *Made significant contributions to the germ theory of disease *Discovered that Bacillus anthracis produced spores *Developed methods of fixing and staining bacteria *Developed methods to cultivate bacteria

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Koch's Postulates

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1. A particular microbe must be found in all cases of the disease and must not be present in healthy animals or humans. 2. The microbe must be isolated from the diseased animal or human and grown in pure culture in the laboratory. 3. The same disease must be produced when microbes from the pure culture are inoculated into healthy susceptible laboratory animals. 4. The same microbe must be recovered from the experimentally infected animals and grown again in pure culture. 6. If an organism fulfills Koch's Postulates, it has been proven to be the cause of that particular infectious disease.

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*******Prokaryotes

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Bacteria and Archaea -Both are single-celled organisms -Contain no membrane bound nucleus --Termed prokaryotes = pre nucleus --------Pro = pre --------karyote = nucleus -Do not contain any other organelles -Cytoplasm is surrounded by rigid cell wall

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Domain Bacteria

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*Most common type in human infection *features include: -Specific shapes ----Rod-shaped, spherical and spiral -Rigid cell walls ----Responsible for cell shape -Multiply by binary fission ----One cell divides into two ----Each cell is genetically identical to the first -Some bacteria are motile ----Move by means of flagella

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Domain Archaea

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*same attributes as Bacteria -Rod-shaped, spherical and spiral -Multiply through binary fission -Move by means of flagellum *Archaea exhibit significant differences -Chemical composition of cell wall differs from organisms in other domains -Organisms of Archaea domain found in extreme environments --Extreme temperatures --Environments with high concentrations of salts

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Domain Eucarya

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*Organisms contain membrane bound nucleus -Termed eukaryote = true nucleus --Eu = true --karyote = nucleus *Contains internal organelles -Making organism more complex --Example = mitochondria *May be single and/or multicellular

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Algae

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Includes single and multicellular organisms All contain chlorophyll Usually found near surface waters Have rigid cell wall

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************Fungi

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single-celled and multicellular organisms -Single-celled = yeast -Multicellular = molds Gain energy from organic materials Found wherever organic materials are present Makes antibiotic

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*************Protozoa

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Microscopic, single-celled organism Found in water and on land Much larger than prokaryote Do not have a rigid cell wall Gain energy from organic matter Most are motile -Means of motility diverse and a feature of their classification

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************Nomenclature

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Binomial naming system -Two word naming system First word is genus name -Always capitalized --Escherichia Second word is species name -Not capitalized --coli When writing full name, genus usually abbreviated -E. coli Full name always italicized -Or underlined

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Viruses

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Viruses contain protein coat surrounding nucleic acid -Essentially protein bag of nucleic acid Viruses termed obligate intracellular parasites -Must have host machinery to replicate -Inactive outside of host All forms of life can be infected by viruses Viruses frequently kill host cells -Some live harmoniously with host

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Viroids

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Viroids are simpler than viruses -Still require host cell for replication Consist of a single short piece of RNA -Contain no protective protein coat Viroids smaller than viruses Generally cause plant diseases

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**********Prions (made of proteins)

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Prions are infectious proteins -Contain no nucleic acid Responsible for at least seven neurodegenerative diseases -Animal disease --Scrapie in sheep --Mad cow disease in cattle Human disease -Kuru -Creutzfelt-Jakob

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Whose experiments supported the existence of a "life force"?

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Needham

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What did the work of Lister and Ehrlich have in common?

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They both explored the use of chemicals in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

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Which field of microbiology involves the study of microorganisms in their natural habitats?

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environmental microbiology

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******fungi

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yeasts are unicellular. molds are multicellular. fungi are eukaryotes. fungi have a cell wall.

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accurate description of viruses?

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they are acellular obligatory parasites.

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Aristotle was an early natural philosopher who formulated the

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theory of spontaneous generation (abiogenesis).

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pioneered the use of chemicals to reduce the incidence of infections during surgery?

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Lister

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against putrefaction

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antisepsis.

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The study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease is known as

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epidemiology.

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Inserting a gene from the hepatitis B virus into yeast so that the yeast produces a viral protein is an example of

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genetic engineering.

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*****The term for the use of microorganisms to restore damaged environments is

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bioremediation.

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***Prokaryotes**

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CNA is circular

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