question

Which of the following best describes the mind?

answer

The brain & its activities

question

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes is called ____.

answer

Psychology

question

Although the bulk of psychology focuses on human behavior, studying animal behavior has been an essential part of the discipline that allows for ____.

answer

making essential comparisons with humans

question

A doctor notices that many soldiers returning from fighting in the trenches in World War I were highly anxious, fearful of loud noises, and having difficulty reconnecting with their families. He asks them to record personal observations of their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a journal. This process is called ____.

answer

Introspection

question

As a discipline, psychology dates back to ____.

answer

the Roman Empire

question

The psychology family tree includes two major roots: ____.

answer

philosophy and the physical sciences

question

The relationship between behavior and biology is ____.

answer

reciprocal: biology affects behavior and vice versa

question

Most philosophers beginning with Aristotle commonly believed that all knowledge is ____.

answer

gained through sensory experience

question

The first experimental psychologist and proponent of the structuralist approach, along with his students, was ____.

answer

Wilhelm Wundt

question

Wundt's student Edward Titchener developed an approach in which the mind is broken into the smallest elements of mental experience. What is this called?

answer

structuralism

question

Acknowledging that an experience is different than the sum of its elements is reflective of ____.

answer

Gestalt psychology

question

The Gestalt psychologists believed that breaking a \"whole\" perception into its building blocks, as advocated by the structuralists, would result in the loss of ____.

answer

important psychological information

question

What was a major shortcoming of early psychologists?

answer

They tried to establish theories without a large body of experimental data.

question

What is the psychological perspective that focuses on the relationships between mind, behavior, and their underlying biological processes, including genetics, biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology?

answer

biological psychology

question

Which of the following is most likely to be the topic of research of a biological psychologist?

answer

Do stress hormones due to abuse in early childhood affect the ability to form memories?

question

The psychological perspective that investigates how physical structure and behavior have been shaped by their contributions to survival and reproduction is called ____ psychology.

answer

evolutionary

question

An evolutionary psychologist would be most interested in the question of ____.

answer

whether there is an adaptive reason why men tend to gamble more than women

question

Entering the 21st century and armed with in-depth research results compiled in the various perspectives, psychologists are returning to ____.

answer

a more comprehensive view of the mind

question

Alejandro is developing a preliminary research study to address the question of whether four-year-olds who are asked to delay gratification (e.g., to delay eating candy) perform differently in solitude than with other four-year-olds. Which combination of research perspectives would be best for this preliminary study?

answer

developmental psychology and social psychology

question

Many of the new ways of looking at the mind will take advantage of the revolution in techniques for studying the brain; for example, ____ currently investigate the biological factors that vary along with people's feelings and experience of social inclusion, rejection, or loneliness.

answer

social neuroscientists

question

A biological psychologist studies the effects of amphetamine on aggression in rhesus monkeys. However, to the researcher's surprise, the experimental results differ for isolated monkeys versus monkeys in a colony. What is missing from this experiment?

answer

The social psychology perspective

question

The diversity of career pathways for those with degrees in psychology reflects, in relation to other disciplines, that psychology is a(n) \"____.\"

answer

hub

question

Harold is trying to decide between teaching at the nearby community college or obtaining a therapist's license. What degree is the minimum degree required for these positions?

answer

master's degree

question

The clinical or counseling specialty includes extensive internships and supervised training prior to ____ that usually add at least one year to students' graduate studies.

answer

government-regulated licensure

question

Josh has a doctoral degree in psychology and is a therapist in New York. His sister Sarah has a medical degree and is in a residency program for psychiatry. Currently, the biggest difference between the two professions is that, in contrast to Josh, Sarah can ____.

answer

prescribe medication

question

Science comes from the Latin scientia, which means \"knowledge.\" According to your text, which of the following best describes \"science\" today?

answer

A special way of learning about reality through systematic observation and experimentation

question

One important difference between science and everyday observations is that science relies on ____.

answer

objectivity

question

Any observation by a human being is, by definition, ____.

answer

subjective

question

What is a research design that controls for placebo effects in which neither the participant nor the experimenter observing the participant knows whether the participant was given an active substance or treatment, or a placebo?

answer

double-blind procedure

question

A set of facts and relationships between facts that can explain and predict related phenomena is called a(n)

answer

theory

question

The best scientific theories not only explain and organize known facts, but they also generate new ____.

answer

predictions

question

A proposed explanation for a situation, usually taking the form \"if A happens then B will be the result\" is called a(n) ____.

answer

Hypothesis

question

Scientific hypotheses must be both ____.

answer

falsifiable and testable

question

Research methods designed for making careful, systematic observations are called ____.

answer

descriptive methods

question

Which of the following lends itself to the use of a descriptive method?

answer

Jonathan would like to develop a hypothesis regarding the role of parental expression of affection in reducing toxic stress in early childhood.

question

You decide to study weekend dorm life for a sociology term paper. In order to do this, you attend several fraternity parties at a large university, week after week. What method of research are you employing?

answer

naturalistic observation

question

What is one advantage of using naturalistic observation over the case study method?

answer

Looking at a much larger group supports application of the results to the general population.

question

A measure of the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables is called ____.

answer

correlation

question

A factor that has a range of values is called a ____.

answer

variable

question

A newspaper headline states \"Autism correlation to wealth affirmed.\" Researchers found that affluent youngsters were almost twice as likely as the poorest children in the study to have autism. This is a ____.

answer

positive correlation

question

Consider the following relationships between two variables. Which pair is most likely to have the weakest correlation?

answer

hair color and intelligence

question

What is an experimental design for assessing age-related changes in which data are obtained simultaneously from people of differing ages?

answer

cross-sectional study

question

Which of the following is a drawback of longitudinal studies?

answer

Participants may drop out of the study over time.

question

The consistency of a measure, including test-retest, inter-rater, inter-method, and internal consistency, is called ____.

answer

reliability

question

The SAT II single subject achievement test shows the highest positive correlation with first-year college grades compared to both the SAT I aptitude test and high school grade point average. This indicates that of the three tests, it is the most ____.

answer

valid

question

Callie has gathered extensive data regarding the working conditions and stress levels of domestic workers in five U.S. cities, including their annual income. She arranges the data from low to high and notes how many workers are in each category using a histogram. This is called a ____.

answer

frequency distribution

question

The mean, median, and mode are all measures of a data set's ____.

answer

central tendency

question

Neil has gathered data regarding self-report of successful smoking cessation. He finds that one of the eight methods used by study participants accounts for a high proportion of the successes. The most useful measure of central tendency to report would be the ____.

answer

mode

question

In statistics, the extent to which scores differ from one another or from their mean; often measured using the standard deviation, is called ____.

answer

variability

question

Researchers working in universities and other agencies must receive the approval of institutional review boards (IRBs) for human participant research and institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs) before conducting research, ____.

answer

if their institution receives federal funding

question

At the core of ethical standards for human research is the idea that participation should involve ____.

answer

no coercion

question

Noreen is a graduate student in psychology. She is designing a study regarding health care decision-making among teenagers. Which of the following research participants can legally provide his or her own informed consent?

answer

An eighteen year old male with HIV/AIDS

question

Dr. Harmon has conducted a study of social networks and health within an isolated community. Which of the following would breach a research participant's right to confidentiality?

answer

Dr. Harmon stored the completed surveys and the key linking names and code numbers on his laptop, to which only he and his wife have the password.

Chapter 1 & 2 Psych Quiz

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