question

During early childhood, the average child grows __________ inches.

answer

2 1/2

question

Regarding brain development in early childhood, which of the following statements is TRUE?

answer

Increases in brain size are primarily due to myelination and increases in the number and size of dendrites.

question

_______ is the process by which the axons are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells, which increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system.

answer

myelination

question

What is the second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development that emphasizes a child's ability to represent the world with words, images, and drawings?

answer

preoperational

question

Preoperational means that a child cannot yet perform:

answer

reversible mental actions.

question

__________, a limitation of preoperational thinking, is the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective.

answer

Egocentrism

question

Which sub-stage of preoperational thinking occurs between ages 2 and 4 years and involves the child's ability to mentally represent an object that is not present?

answer

symbolic function substage

question

In the United States, what is the leading cause of death in young children?

answer

accidents

question

If a mother wants to reduce the risk that her child will develop asthma, she should:

answer

stop smoking

question

__________ is the focusing of attention on one characteristic of an object or situation to the exclusion of all others.

answer

Centration

question

__________ is the awareness that altering an object's appearance does not change its basic properties.

answer

conservation

question

__________ is Vygotsky's term suggesting that, over the course of a teaching session, the teacher should change the level of support given to fit the student's performance level.

answer

Scaffolding

question

Regarding information processing in early childhood, which of the following statements is TRUE?

answer

Significant improvements occur in short-term memory.

question

Which of the following is NOT a principle of a child-centered kindergarten?

answer

Children learn best when adults are available to guide learning experiences.

question

__________ is a compensatory education program designed to provide children from low-income families with the opportunity to acquire important school success skills.

answer

project head start

question

Which of the following characteristics is central to the Montessori approach to education?

answer

all of these

question

Preschool children are increasingly capable of learning and applying rules of syntax. Syntax refers to:

answer

the ways words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences.

question

_______ is the meaning of words and sentences.

answer

semantics

question

A young child's ability to add the letter "s" to create plurals demonstrates their growing mastery of:

answer

morphology

question

Jungle gyms, slides, and climbing equipment should be available to help young children develop:

answer

gross motor skills

question

What is Erikson's stage of psychosocial development in early childhood?

answer

initiative versus guilt

question

What type of self-descriptions do children typically provide in early childhood?

answer

all of these

question

Shame, embarrassment, and guilt are examples of:

answer

self-conscious emotions

question

In order to feel __________ emotions, children must be able to refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others.

answer

self-conscious

question

_________ is development that involves thoughts, feelings, and actions regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people.

answer

moral development

question

__________ is Piaget's first stage of moral development in which rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world.

answer

Heteronomous morality

question

The sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old is:

answer

gender identity

question

__________ is a set of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel.

answer

gender role

question

A parent who is highly involved with their child, but places few demands or controls on them is a(n):

answer

indulgent parent.

question

__________ parenting involves a restrictive, punitive style in which parents expect children to obey their rules without many questions.

answer

Authoritarian

question

The term "child maltreatment" includes all of the following possibilities, EXCEPT:

answer

tough love

question

Regarding child maltreatment, which of the following statements is TRUE?

answer

About one-third of parents who were abused themselves when young abuse their own children.

question

Regarding the changing family, which of these statements is TRUE?

answer

There is consensus among psychologists that children from divorced families show adjustment problems to a greater extent than do children from nondivorced families.

question

Regarding play, which of the following statements is TRUE?

answer

Play is defined as a pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake.

question

___________ is behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemes.

answer

sensorimotor play

question

In what type of play does a child increasingly transform their physical environment into a symbol?

answer

pretense/symbolic

question

__________ play involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned.

answer

practice

question

The highest incidence of game playing occurs __________.

answer

between 10-12

question

A recent recommendation stated that for children 2 to 4 years of age screen time should be limited to no more than:

answer

one hour per day

question

___________ is the most common form of child maltreatment.

answer

child neglect

question

During the elementary school years, children grow an average of __________ inches a year.

answer

2-3

question

Which of the following statements regarding body growth and proportion in the elementary school years is TRUE?

answer

boys are usually stronger than girls

question

At what age do children begin to show motor manipulative skills similar to the abilities of adults?

answer

10-12

question

Over the last three decades, the percentage of U.S. children who are at risk for being overweight has increased dramatically. However, there recently has been a decrease in the percentage of ____________ children who are obese.

answer

2-5 year olds

question

What is the most common cancer in children?

answer

leukemia

question

Of those children with disabilities receiving special education services, the largest group of students have __________.

answer

a learning disability

question

About _________ times as many boys as girls are classified as having a learning disability.

answer

3

question

__________ is a learning disability whereby individuals have a severe impairment in their ability to read and spell.

answer

dyslexia

question

The individualized education plan (IEP) __________.

answer

is a written statement describing a program for a student with a disability.

question

Piaget characterized the thought of children in middle and late childhood (age 7-11 years of age) as __________.

answer

concrete operational

question

The activity of ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length or size) is best described as __________.

answer

seriation

question

Mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 yields a(n) __________.

answer

intelligence quotient

question

Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence includes all of the following, EXCEPT:

answer

verbal intelligence

question

The majority of people who have an intellectual disability fall into the _________ category.

answer

mild

question

Gifted children are typically __________.

answer

precocious

question

Which of the following is NOT true about gifted children?

answer

They are maladjusted.

question

__________, which refers to knowledge about language, develops considerably during the elementary school years.

answer

Metalinguistic awareness

question

Which educational approach involves teaching children in their home language while gradually introducing English?

answer

dual-language

question

According to Howard Gardner's explanation of intelligence, an example of a Naturalist might be a(n) ________.

answer

farmer

question

Erikson's stage describing human development for people in middle and late childhood is called __________.

answer

industry versus inferiority

question

When 8-year-old Jenny states, "I know I will be able to read that book as long as I practice reading every night," she is demonstrating __________.

answer

self-efficacy

question

_________ is the ability to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts that lead to increased social competence and achievement.

answer

Self-regulation

question

When Kevin tried to help his son deal with the World Trade Center tragedy of September 11, 200, one strategy Kevin should NOT have implemented was to:

answer

allow his child to watch repeated news footage of the tragedy.

question

The belief that young girls should be "sugar and spice and everything nice" is a __________.

answer

gender stereotype

question

In physical development, women have about _________ the body fat of men.

answer

twice

question

When examining gender similarities and differences, one of the most consistent gender differences is that boys are more ____________ than girls are.

answer

physically aggressive

question

The most important family management practices include all of the following EXCEPT

answer

unlimited video game and TV time

question

All of the following are peer statuses, EXCEPT:

answer

conforming

question

Luke is infrequently nominated as a best friend, but is not disliked by his peers. Luke would best fit the peer status of _________.

answer

neglected

question

Bianca is a "bully," and no one likes to play with her. Blanca's peer status is PROBABLY:

answer

rejected

question

Rodney is very aggressive. Rodney's peer status is PROBABLY:

answer

rejected

question

When examining children's peer status, we find that __________ children are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.

answer

controversial

question

_____ children's social skills include listening carefully, controlling their negative emotions, and showing concern for others.

answer

popular

question

A recent study involving third- to sixth-graders revealed that engaging in cyber aggression was related to all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

improved self-esteem

question

Jacob finds his relationship with Akira exciting and amusing. Which function of friendship does their relationship fulfill?

answer

stimulation

question

The __________ approach is a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, and high teacher expectations for students' progress.

answer

direct instruction

question

A learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher is ______________.

answer

constructivist approach

question

What are the outcomes of bullying?

answer

all of these

question

Myelination:

answer

The process by which axons are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells, which increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system. (136)

question

Animism:

answer

The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action. (141)

question

Short-term memory:

answer

The memory component in which individuals retain information for up to 30 seconds, assuming there is no rehearsal of the information. (148)

question

Phonology:

answer

The sound system of a language, including the sounds used and how they may be combined. (153)

question

Morphology:

answer

Units of meaning involved in word formation. (153)

question

Syntax:

answer

The ways of words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences. (153)

question

Semantics:

answer

The meaning of words and sentences. (154)

question

Pragmatics:

answer

The appropriate use of language in different contexts. (154)

question

Moral development:

answer

Development that involves thoughts, feelings, and actions regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people. (165)

question

Gender roles:

answer

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel. (167)

question

( parenting styles) Authoritarian:

answer

A restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and to respect work and effort. The authoritarian parent places firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange. (170)

question

Neglectful parenting:

answer

A style of parenting in which the parent is very uninvolved in the child's life; it is associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control. (171)

question

Indulgent parenting:

answer

A style of parenting in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them. Indulgent parenting is associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control. (171)

question

Practice play:

answer

Play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports. (184)

question

Pretense/symbolic play:

answer

Play in which the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol. (184)

question

Learning disability:

answer

Describes a child who has difficulty understanding or using spoken or written language or doing mathematics. To be classified as a learning disability, the problem is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities; intellectual disability; emotional disorders; or due to environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantages. (193)

question

Autism spectrum disorders:

answer

Also called pervasive developmental disorders, they range from the severe disorder labeled autistic disorder to the milder disorder called Asperger syndrome. These disorder share characterized by problems in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors. (196)

question

Inclusion:

answer

Educating a child who requires special education full-time in the regular classroom. (198)

question

Seriation:

answer

The concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension. (199)

question

Critical thinking:

answer

Thinking reflectively and productively as well as evaluating the evidence. (202)

question

Creative thinking:

answer

The ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems. (202)

question

Intelligence quotient:

answer

A person's mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100. (205)

question

Intellectual disability:

answer

A condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ and has difficulty adapting to the demands of life. (210)

question

Organic retardation:

answer

Mental retardation that is caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage. (211)

question

Gifted:

answer

Having above-average intelligence and/or superior talent for something. (211)

question

Whole language approach:

answer

An approach to reading instruction based on the idea that instruction should parallel childrens natural language learning. (214)

question

Self-esteem:

answer

The global evaluative dimension of the self. (220)

question

Self-efficacy:

answer

The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes. (221)

question

Gender stereotypes:

answer

Broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males. (229)

question

Androgyny:

answer

The possession of both masculine and feminine personality traits.

question

(Peer status section) Popular:

answer

Children who are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers.

question

Average:

answer

Children who receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers.

question

Neglected:

answer

Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.

question

Rejected:

answer

Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.

question

Controversial children:

answer

Children who are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.

question

What is almost always present when other forms of child maltreatment are identified?

answer

child neglect

question

Scaffolding:

answer

When teachers adjust their level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student.

question

Gender identity:

answer

A child's sense of being male or female.

question

dyslexia:

answer

A category of learning disabilities involving a severe impairment in the ability to read and spell.

question

Types of maltreatment:

answer

Physical abuse, child neglect, sexual abuse, emotional abuse. (174-175)

question

Most common form of child maltreatment:

answer

Child neglect

question

Self-conscious emotions:

answer

children must be able to refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others.

question

empathy:

answer

the ability to mutually experience the thoughts. emotions and direct experience of others without them being directly communicated intentionally.

Chap. 5-8 human growth – Flashcards

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