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mechanism 6

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The doctrine that natural processes are mechanically determined and capable of explaining by the laws of physics and chemistry is .....

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mechanism

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According to the textbook, the dominant idea of the 17th century was

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mechanism

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The zeitgeist the 17th-19th century Europe and of the United States was marked by

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Newton and Galileo

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The theories of mechanism that invoke the movement of atoms to explain the universe were developed by

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which of the following ideas has psychology borrowed from natural physics?

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effects are predictable and measurable

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what invention was considered the perfect metaphor for the "spirit of mechanism"

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clock

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The doctrine that acts are determined by past events is

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determinism

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The doctrine that explains phenomena on one level (such as complex ideas) in terms of phenomena on another level (such as simple ideas) is

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reductionism.

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seventeenth century philosophers and scientists argued that like clocks and the universe ________ are regular, predictable, observable, and measurable.

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human beings

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Mechanized figures were created in the seventeenth century that could almost perfectly duplicate the movements of living things. These were called.

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Automata

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philosophers and scientists joined in agreement that

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experimental and quantititative methods could be applied to the study of human nature.

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The first successful demonstration of artificial intelligence was

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babbage's calculating machine

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contemporary cognitive psychologists's computer model of artificial intelligence is a direct descendant of

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babbage's calculating machine

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who published a clear explanation of how the calculating machine functioned and pointed out it's potential use and implifications

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Lovelace

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The pursuit of knowledge through the observation of nature and the attribution of all knowledge to experience is

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empiricism

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Empiricism attributes all knowledge to

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experience

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Descartes was significant to psychology as a science because he helped liberate

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science from the stranglehold of theology

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who can be said to have inaugurated the era of modern psychology

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Descartes

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In the 200th century, carl jung based important decisions on his dream. A 17th century predecessor in this practice was

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Descartes

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For Descartes, the application of mathematical principle to sciences would produce

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certainty of knowledge

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In the 20th century, Hull described and explained behavior by mathematical formulas, axioms, and postulates. Thus, he illustrated whose notion that certainty of knowledge is accomplished by the application of mathematics to science.

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Descartes

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The question of the distinction b/w mental and physical qualities refers to

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the mind-body problem

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Before Descartes, the accepted point of view was that the interaction was b/w mind and body was essentially unidirectional , that

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the mind influenced the body

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Descartes dualism was novel in its emphasis on the

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influence of the body on the mind.

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Descartes argued that all processes are functions of the body except

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thought

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Descartes changed the focus from the study of _____ to the study of ______.

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soul ; mind

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Descartes makes a case that because the body is matter the laws of __________ apply. (32)

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mechanics

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The body will respond without any internal conscious intent and in response to some external stimulus. This fact illustrates Descartes's principle of

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undulatio reflexa

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In modern terminology, Descartes would argue that if the inputs are known, the behavioral outputs can be predicted. Thus he is an intellectual ancestor of

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S-R Psychology

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The response of salivation following the stimulus of food on the tongue is an illustration of Descartes theory of

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reflex action

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Descartes is often called the author of the theory of

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reflex action

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Which of the follow statements best describes Descartes dualistic theory of human nature?

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The mind and body mutually influence each other's actions

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Descartes term for the sit of the body-mind interactions was the _______ ,because it is _________

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conarium ; not duplicated in both brain hemispheres

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descartes theorized that nerve tubes conveyed ______ ,which could produce an impression on the ________ : from this, the mind could produce a ________

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animal spirits, conarium, sensation

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descartes posited that the mind-body interaction occurred in the

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pineal body

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according to descartes, the pineal gland was the part of the brain

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where the mind and body interact

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descartes proposed that the mind produces two kinds of ideas,_____ and _______.

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derived ; innate

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Derived ideas

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arise from the direct application of external stimulus.

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an example of innate idea is

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infinity

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Descartes contribution include

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all of the choices are correct

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the idea of a house is an example of dESCARTES NOTION OF

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DERIVED IDEAS

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Descartes theorized that we are born with knowledge of axioms of geometry, thus these axioms are _____ ideas.

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innate

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the doctrine of _____ is important because it stimulated opposition among early empiricists and associationists.

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innate ideas

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descartes notion that we are brownish certain person processes is also a principle of which modern school of psychology ?

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gstalt

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The doctrine that recognized only natural phenomena or facts that are objectively observable is

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positivism

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both the term and concept of positivism represents the thought of

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comte

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the idea that science should be based totally on objectively observable facts is called

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positivism

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in eyewitness testimoney, one swears that what one has observed accurately depicts reality. b/c this "fact"has not been determined through the methods of science, it does not meet comes strictest application of

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positivism

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the doctrine that considers the facts of the universe to be sufficiently explained in physical terms by the existence and nature of matter is

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materialism

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Those who argue today that behavior is no more than actions of chemicals and electrical events in the brain might be labeled "modern"

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materialists

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materialism is the belief that

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all things can be described in physical terms

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locke's ______ marks the formal beginning of british empiricism

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An/ES Concerning Human Understanding

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A fundamental difference b/w Descartes psychology and that of Lock was their position about the existence of

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innate ideas

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John Locke disagreed with the doctrine of innate ideas. According to Locke

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the mind is a blank slate at birth; therefore, there are no innate ideas.

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Aristotle held that the mind was a wax slate upon which impressions are made. Locke invoked the metaphor of the _____ to illustrate the same phenomenon.

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Tabula rasa

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what position did Locke take on the origin of ideas?

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all ideas are acquired from experience ; no ideas are innate

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Locke argued that ideas seem to us to be innate b/c

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we don't recollect having learned them

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for locks , ideas are the result of

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reflection and sensations

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according to locke , in human development, what kind of ideas appear first ?

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sensation

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"Why do i have do to read what locke wrote over 300 years ago? shultz and shultz and the instructor get paid to summarize that for me. " what answer would the textbook author give you?

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"full understanding comes from the original data of history from the theorists themselves"

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according to locke, simple ideas become complex through the process of

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reflection

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according to locke, the idea of an army or navy would be an example of

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a complex idea

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for locke, the difference b/w a simple and complex idea is that a simple idea

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cannot be reduced

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if a tree falls in the forest and no one is present to hear it, then the fall makes no sound. using locked distinctions, this conclusion that the sound is an

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secondary quality

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according to locke the tickle of a feather would be an

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secondary quality

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the notion of secondary qualities was proposed by locke to explain

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the lack of one to one association between the physical world and ones experience of it.

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if a tree falls in the forest and none is present to hear it , no sound occurs, in fact the tree doesn't exist until someone perceives it. This argument illustrates the position of

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berkely

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