CH6 Quiz – Flashcard
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Punishments that are based on the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership are known as unspoken rules and as:
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informal social sanctions. 人前でゲップ
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A policy of imprisoning and monitoring criminal offenders for committing crimes in an effort to prevent them from committing more crimes is known as:
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specific deterrence. Specific deterrence refers to the use of punishment for criminal activity intended to discourage a specific individual from re-offending.
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After a student drops out of high school, she becomes labeled a "drop-out," and her subsequent actions and choices are explained in terms of this label.Those subsequent actions are called:
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secondary deviance.
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A factory worker wins $10 million in the lottery. He doesn't know what to do with his good fortune, so he commits suicide. Durkheim would say he has committed ____________ type of suicide.
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anomic
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Jennifer goes into a local boutique and slips a bracelet into her purse. She successfully shoplifts for the first time. Labeling theorists would call this ____________ deviance.
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primary
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Picking your nose in public is an example of which type of deviance?
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informal
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Why is it so difficult to track the crime rate over time?
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The way particular crimes are defined changes over time.
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Which theory suggests that "crime results from a rational calculation of the costs and benefits of criminal activity"?
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deterrence theory Deterrence theory says that people don't commit crimes because they are afraid of getting caught - instead of being motivated by some deep moral sense.
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A drug dealer stops selling drugs after learning on the street that another dealer was caught and punished. This is an example of which of the following?
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general deterrence
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The first acts of deviance that people engage in before they ever get caught and labeled are known as:
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primary deviance.
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Illegal drug dealing is an example of which of the following types of crimes, as defined by sociologists?
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street crimes
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the current U.S. incarceration rate?
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It is the highest in American history.
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When analyzing U.S. crime rates, your textbook author explains that the best indicator we have of crime is the:
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murder rate.
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Which of the following is a major difference between the symbolic interactionist (SI) and functionalist perspectives on deviance?
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SI takes a micro or close-up look at individuals to explain deviance, and functionalism looks at macro-level social systems to explain it.
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??Which of the following decreased the murder rates in the United States in the last several decades?
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better medical care
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The functionalist perspective on deviance argues that deviance:
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is necessary for a society's survival.
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When an elementary school student is labeled as the "class clown" by his teacher, and then adopts the persona and lives up to others' expectations by acting silly, the class clown label has become a:
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stigma
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Prisons and military boot camps are examples of what Goffman calls:
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total institutions.
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Why is the United States best described as having a mix of mechanical and organic sanctions?
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The United States applies mechanical sanctions in some contexts and organic sanctions in other contexts.
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Violation of laws enacted by society is also known as:
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crimes.
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Punishments that are overt expressions of official group sentiments toward deviants are also known as:
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formal social sanctions.
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How does the social context affect crime, according to the broken windows theory?
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Evidence of disorder, such as broken windows, sends a signal that it's acceptable to engage in further deviant behaviors such as vandalism.
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Punishments that attempt to restore the status quo that existed prior to the offense are known as:
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restitutive.
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When a prison offers educational opportunities, mental health treatment, and job training programs to inmates, which response to deviance is it engaging in?
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rehabilitative
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Which type of suicide occurs when a person experiences too much social regulation, according to Durkheim?
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fatalistic
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Tracy is a woman who rejects the goals defined by society to achieve a big house and lots of money, but she still follows the means and abides by the rules. Merton would classify Tracy as a(n):
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ritualist.
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According to Merton, which of the following describes a person who accepts both the goals defined by society and the means to achieve them?
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conformist
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The act of abiding by society's norms is known as which of the following?
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normative compliance (agreement)
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Using Durkheim's definitions, many early feminists (in the 1950s) would say that stay-at-home mothers were more likely to commit ____________ type of suicide.
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fatalistic
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Charles is a 41-year-old man who recently got caught committing a crime after serving a long prison sentence. This is an example of:
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recidivism.
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Which theory explains how social context and social cues impact the way individuals act, specifically, whether or not local, informal norms allow acts such as vandalizing an abandoned car?
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broken windows theory
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Which term best describes what happens when other people label a person and that label affects his or her actions?
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secondary deviance
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Bentham's term for circular buildings in which prisoners are watched by guards or others at all times is:
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panopticons 全展望監視システム
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Which of the following is a negative social label that alters a person's self-concept and identity, as well as how others treat the person?
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stigma
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One of the major changes associated with the modern prison system is:
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the shift from "violence against the body" to "reforming the soul."
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Durkheim's theory and research on deviance fall within which of the main sociological theories?
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functionalist
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Which of the following crimes has the most financial impact in the United States today?
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white-collar crime
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Which of Durkheim's types of social solidarity characterizes modern life?
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organic
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In a gathering society, most people do the same things. They gather food for their survival, so the members of a society are very similar. Durkheim would say that the type of solidarity in a gathering society would be:
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mechanical.
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Tax evasion is an example of which of the following types of crimes, as defined by sociologists?
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white-collar crimes
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Which of Durkheim's types of social solidarity characterized premodern life?
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mechanical
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As discussed in Chapter 6, the 2003 U.S. Supreme Court case of Lawrence v. Texas:
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struck down Texas's criminality of homosexual sex.
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Devah Pager (2001) found, in her study of job applications and criminal records, that a negative social label affects people's chances in life. This label is called a ____________ by sociologists.
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stigma
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The student guards in Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment behaved the way they did because:
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they experienced the Lucifer effect, in which they were affected by social surroundings and cultural expectations.
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Although deviant behavior can be bad for social cohesion, it is paradoxical because:
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it is the deviants among us who hold society together.
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According to Becker, why do marijuana smokers enjoy using the drug?
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They engage in a social process of learning to define the experience as fun and pleasurable.
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A person who desires a big mansion and the perfect "American Dream" lifestyle, but sells illegal drugs to achieve this, is known by Merton as a(n):
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innovator
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The common faith or set of social norms by which a society and its members abide(耐える) is defined by Durkheim as:
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collective conscience (sense of right and wrong).
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According to Merton, a person who completely stops participating in society's drive to achieve its defined goals is a(n):
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retreatist
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All of the following are types of suicide described by Durkheim EXCEPT:
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altruistic
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A society characterized by a high degree of sameness among the individual participants, in which participants perform largely the same functions, has:
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mechanical solidarity.
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??Labeling theory focuses on:
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the social process through which people become deviants
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Former Enron CEO Kenneth Lay committed crimes such as misappropriating funds, issuing false reports, and destroying evidence. These crimes are known as:
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corporate crimes.
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A person who desires a big mansion and the perfect "American Dream" lifestyle, but sells illegal drugs to achieve this, is known by Merton as a(n):
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innovator.
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Which of Durkheim's types of social solidarity characterized premodern life?
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mechanical
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Using Durkheim's definitions, many early feminists (in the 1950s) would say that stay-at-home mothers were more likely to commit ____________ type of suicide.
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fatalistic
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An elementary school isn't a total institution because:
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students leave every afternoon and adopt different roles at that time.
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Which of the following is an example of a symbolic interactionist theory of deviance?
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labeling theory
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Which of the following is a negative social label that alters a person's self-concept and identity, as well as how others treat the person?
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stigma
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Modes of monitoring, examining, and regimenting individuals that are diffused throughout society, including standardized tests, are what Foucault called:
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disciplinary techniques.
